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</head>


<body style="display: inherit; ">
<div class="head">
<p>
</p>
<h1 property="dcterms:title" class="title" id="title">
The
JSON-LD
API
1.0
</h1>
<h2 property="bibo:subtitle" id="subtitle">
An
Application
Programming
Interface
for
the
JSON-LD
Syntax
</h2>
<h2 property="dcterms:issued" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2012-05-24T06:33:35+0000" id="unofficial-draft-24-may-2012">
Unofficial
Draft
<del class="diff-old">26
April
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">24
May
</ins>
2012
</h2>
<dl>
<dt>
Editors:
</dt>
<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://manu.sporny.org/">
Manu
Sporny
</a>,
<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
Digital
Bazaar
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
Gregg
Kellogg
</a>,
<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
Kellogg
Associates
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
Dave
Longley
</a>,
<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
Digital
Bazaar
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd rel="bibo:editor" inlist="">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
Markus
Lanthaler
</a>,
<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
Graz
University
of
Technology
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dt>
Authors:
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Dave Longley" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
Dave
Longley
</a>,
<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
Digital
Bazaar
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Manu Sporny" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
Manu
Sporny
</a>,
<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://digitalbazaar.com/">
Digital
Bazaar
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Gregg Kellogg" href="http://greggkellogg.net/">
Gregg
Kellogg
</a>,
<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://kellogg-assoc.com/">
Kellogg
Associates
</a>
</span>
</dd>
<dd rel="dcterms:contributor">
<span typeof="foaf:Person">
<a rel="foaf:homepage" property="foaf:name" content="Markus Lanthaler" href="http://www.markus-lanthaler.com/">
Markus
Lanthaler
</a>,
<a rel="foaf:workplaceHomepage" href="http://www.tugraz.at/">
Graz
University
of
Technology
</a>
</span>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
This
document
is
also
available
in
this
non-normative
format:
<a href="diff-20120426.html">
diff
to
previous
version
</a>.
</p>
<p class="copyright">
This
document
is
licensed
under
a
<a class="subfoot" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" rel="license">
Creative
Commons
Attribution
3.0
License
</a>.
</p>
<hr />
</div>
<div id="abstract" class="introductory section" property="dcterms:abstract" datatype="" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#abstract" rel="bibo:chapter">
<h2>
Abstract
</h2>
<p>
JSON
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
RFC4627
</a>
</cite>
]
has
proven
to
be
a
highly
useful
object
serialization
and
messaging
format.
JSON-LD
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
JSON-LD
</a>
</cite>
]
harmonizes
the
representation
of
Linked
Data
in
JSON
by
outlining
a
common
JSON
representation
format
for
expressing
directed
graphs;
mixing
both
Linked
Data
and
non-Linked
Data
in
a
single
document.
This
document
outlines
an
Application
Programming
Interface
and
a
set
of
algorithms
for
programmatically
transforming
JSON-LD
documents.
</p>
</div>
<div id="sotd" class="introductory section" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#sotd" rel="bibo:chapter">
<h2>
Status
of
This
Document
</h2>
<p>
This
document
is
merely
a
public
working
draft
of
a
potential
specification.
It
has
no
official
standing
of
any
kind
and
does
not
represent
the
support
or
consensus
of
any
standards
organisation.
</p>
<p>
This
document
is
an
experimental
work
in
progress.
</p>
</div>
<div id="toc" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#toc" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h2 class="introductory">
Table
of
Contents
</h2>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#introduction" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
1.
</span>
Introduction
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#how-to-read-this-document" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
1.1
</span>
How
to
Read
this
Document
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#linked-data" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
1.2
</span>
Linked
Data
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#contributing" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
1.3
</span>
Contributing
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#the-application-programming-interface" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.
</span>
The
Application
Programming
Interface
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#jsonldprocessor" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.1
</span>
JsonLdProcessor
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#methods" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.1.1
</span>
Methods
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#callbacks" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.2
</span>
Callbacks
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#jsonldcallback" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.2.1
</span>
JsonLdCallback
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#methods-1" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.2.1.1
</span>
Methods
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#quadcallback" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.2.2
</span>
<del class="diff-old">StatementCallback
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">QuadCallback
</ins>
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#methods-2" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.2.2.1
</span>
Methods
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#data-structures" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3
</span>
Data
Structures
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#url" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.1
</span>
URL
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#jsonldoptions" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.2
</span>
JsonLdOptions
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#quad" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.3
</span>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#attributes" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.3.1
</span>
Attributes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#node" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.4
</span>
Node
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#attributes-1" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.4.1
</span>
Attributes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iri" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.5
</span>
<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#attributes-2" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.5.1
</span>
Attributes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#blank-node" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.6
</span>
Blank
Node
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#attributes-3" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.6.1
</span>
Attributes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#literal" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.7
</span>
<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
</ins>
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#attributes-4" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
2.3.7.1
</span>
Attributes
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#algorithms" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.
</span>
Algorithms
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.1
</span>
Syntax
Tokens
and
Keywords
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.2
</span>
Algorithm
Terms
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#context-processing" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.3
</span>
Context
Processing
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iri-expansion" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.4
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iri-compaction" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.5
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iri-compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.5.1
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#term-rank-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.5.2
</span>
Term
Rank
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#value-expansion" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.6
</span>
Value
Expansion
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#value-compaction" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.7
</span>
Value
Compaction
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.8
</span>
Generate
Blank
Node
Identifier
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#expansion" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.9
</span>
Expansion
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#expansion-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.9.1
</span>
Expansion
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#compaction" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.10
</span>
Compaction
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#compaction-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.10.1
</span>
Compaction
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#framing" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.11
</span>
Framing
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#framing-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.11.1
</span>
Framing
Algorithm
Terms
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#framing-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.11.2
</span>
Framing
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#subject-map-generation" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.11.3
</span>
Subject
<del class="diff-old">Flattening
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Map
Generation
</ins>
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#remove-embed" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.11.4
</span>
Remove
Embedded
Definition
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#embed-values" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
3.11.5
</span>
Embed
Values
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#flattening" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<ins class="diff-chg">3.12
</ins></span><ins class="diff-chg">
Flattening
</ins></a><ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#flattening-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.12.1
</ins>
</span>
<del class="diff-old">Data
Round
Tripping
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Flattening
Algorithm
</ins>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#rdf-conversion" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13
</ins>
</span>
RDF
Conversion
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#overview" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.1
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.1
</ins>
</span>
Overview
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.2
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.2
</ins>
</span>
RDF
Conversion
Algorithm
Terms
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.3
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.3
</ins>
</span>
Convert
to
RDF
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#list-conversion" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.4
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.4
</ins>
</span>
List
Conversion
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.5
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.5
</ins>
</span>
Convert
from
RDF
Algorithm
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#data-round-tripping" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
<ins class="diff-new">4.
</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
Data
Round
Tripping
</ins></a></li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#iana-considerations" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
A.
</span>
IANA
Considerations
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#appendix-b" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
B.
</span>
Initial
Context
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#acknowledgements" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
C.
</span>
Acknowledgements
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#references" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
D.
</span>
References
</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#normative-references" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
D.1
</span>
Normative
references
</a>
</li>
<li class="tocline">
<a href="#informative-references" class="tocxref">
<span class="secno">
D.2
</span>
Informative
references
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="introduction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#introduction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
1.
</span>
Introduction
</h2>
<p>
JSON,
as
specified
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
RFC4627
</a>
</cite>
],
is
a
simple
language
for
representing
data
on
the
Web.
Linked
Data
is
a
technique
for
creating
a
graph
of
interlinked
data
across
different
documents
or
Web
sites.
Data
entities
are
described
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
s,
which
are
typically
dereferencable
and
thus
may
be
used
to
find
more
information
about
an
entity,
creating
a
&quot;Web
of
Knowledge&quot;.
JSON-LD
is
intended
to
be
a
simple
publishing
method
for
expressing
not
only
Linked
Data
in
JSON,
but
also
for
adding
semantics
to
existing
JSON.
</p>
<p>
JSON-LD
is
designed
as
a
light-weight
syntax
that
can
be
used
to
express
Linked
Data.
It
is
primarily
intended
to
be
a
way
to
use
Linked
Data
in
Javascript
and
other
Web-based
programming
environments.
It
is
also
useful
when
building
interoperable
Web
services
and
when
storing
Linked
Data
in
JSON-based
document
storage
engines.
It
is
practical
and
designed
to
be
as
simple
as
possible,
utilizing
the
large
number
of
JSON
parsers
and
libraries
available
today.
It
is
designed
to
be
able
to
express
key-value
pairs,
RDF
data,
RDFa
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDFA-CORE">
RDFA-CORE
</a>
</cite>
]
data,
Microformats
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICROFORMATS">
MICROFORMATS
</a>
</cite>
]
data,
and
Microdata
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-MICRODATA">
MICRODATA
</a>
</cite>
].
That
is,
it
supports
every
major
Web-based
structured
data
model
in
use
today.
</p>
<p>
The
syntax
does
not
necessarily
require
applications
to
change
their
JSON,
but
allows
to
easily
add
meaning
by
adding
context
in
a
way
that
is
either
in-band
or
out-of-band.
The
syntax
is
designed
to
not
disturb
already
deployed
systems
running
on
JSON,
but
provide
a
smooth
upgrade
path
from
JSON
to
JSON
with
added
semantics.
Finally,
the
format
is
intended
to
be
easy
to
parse,
efficient
to
generate,
convertible
to
RDF
in
one
pass,
and
require
a
very
small
memory
footprint
in
order
to
operate.
</p>
<div id="how-to-read-this-document" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#how-to-read-this-document" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
1.1
</span>
How
to
Read
this
Document
</h3>
<p>
This
document
is
a
detailed
specification
for
a
serialization
of
Linked
Data
in
JSON.
The
document
is
primarily
intended
for
the
following
audiences:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Authors
that
want
a
very
detailed
view
of
how
JSON-LD
processors
operate.
</li>
<li>
Software
developers
that
want
to
implement
processors
and
APIs
for
JSON-LD.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
To
understand
the
basics
in
this
specification
you
must
first
be
familiar
with
JSON,
which
is
detailed
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
RFC4627
</a>
</cite>
].
You
must
also
understand
the
JSON-LD
Syntax
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-LD">
JSON-LD
</a>
</cite>
],
which
is
the
base
syntax
used
by
all
of
the
algorithms
in
this
document.
To
understand
the
API
and
how
it
is
intended
to
operate
in
a
programming
environment,
it
is
useful
to
have
working
knowledge
of
the
JavaScript
programming
language
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-ECMA-262">
ECMA-262
</a>
</cite>
]
and
WebIDL
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-WEBIDL">
WEBIDL
</a>
</cite>
].
To
understand
how
JSON-LD
maps
to
RDF,
it
is
helpful
to
be
familiar
with
the
basic
RDF
concepts
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</a>
</cite>
].
</p>
<p>
Examples
may
contain
references
to
existing
vocabularies
and
use
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
prefix
</a>
es
to
refer
to
vocabularies.
The
following
is
a
list
of
all
vocabularies
and
their
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
prefix
</a>
abbreviations,
as
used
in
this
document:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
The
<a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
Dublin
Core
</a>
vocabulary
(abbreviation:
<code>
dc
</code>,
e.g.,
<code>
dc:title
</code>
)
</li>
<li>
The
<a href="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
Friend
of
a
Friend
</a>
vocabulary
(abbreviation:
<code>
foaf
</code>,
e.g.,
<code>
foaf:knows
</code>
)
</li>
<li>
The
<a href="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
RDF
</a>
vocabulary
(abbreviation:
<code>
rdf
</code>,
e.g.,
<code>
rdf:type
</code>
)
</li>
<li>
The
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">
XSD
</a>
vocabulary
(abbreviation:
<code>
xsd
</code>,
e.g.,
<code>
xsd:integer
</code>
)
</li>
</ul>
<p>
JSON
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC4627">
RFC4627
</a>
</cite>
]
defines
several
terms
which
are
used
throughout
this
document:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<dfn title="json_object" id="dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
An
object
structure
is
represented
as
a
pair
of
curly
brackets
surrounding
zero
or
more
name/value
<del class="diff-old">pairs
(or
members).
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">pairs.
</ins>
A
name
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>.
A
single
colon
comes
after
each
name,
separating
the
name
from
the
value.
A
single
comma
separates
a
value
from
a
following
name.
The
names
within
an
object
<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
should
</em>
be
unique.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="array" id="dfn-array">
array
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
An
array
is
an
ordered
collection
of
values.
An
array
structure
is
represented
as
square
brackets
surrounding
zero
or
more
values
(or
elements).
Elements
are
separated
by
commas.
Within
JSON-LD,
array
order
is
not
preserved
by
default,
unless
specific
markup
is
provided.
This
is
because
the
basic
data
model
of
JSON-LD
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>,
which
is
inherently
unordered.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="string" id="dfn-string">
string
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
string
is
a
sequence
of
zero
or
more
Unicode
characters,
wrapped
in
double
quotes,
using
backslash
escapes.
A
character
is
represented
as
a
single
character
string.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="number" id="dfn-number">
number
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
number
is
is
similar
to
that
used
in
most
programming
languages,
except
that
the
octal
and
hexadecimal
formats
are
not
used
and
that
leading
zeros
are
not
allowed.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="true" id="dfn-true">
true
</dfn>
and
<dfn title="false" id="dfn-false">
false
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
Boolean
values.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="null" id="dfn-null">
null
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
The
use
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
value
within
JSON-LD
is
used
to
ignore
or
reset
values.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="subject_definition" id="dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
used
to
represent
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
subject
</a>
and
one
or
more
properties
of
that
subject.
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
is
a
subject
definition
if
it
does
not
contain
<del class="diff-old">they
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">the
</ins>
keys
<code>
@value
</code>,
<code>
@list
</code>
or
<code>
@set
</code>
and
it
has
one
or
more
keys
other
than
<code>
@id
</code>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="subject_reference" id="dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
used
to
reference
a
subject
having
only
the
<code>
@id
</code>
key.
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div id="linked-data" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#linked-data" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
1.2
</span>
Linked
Data
</h3>
<p>
The
following
definition
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
Linked
Data
</a>
is
the
one
that
will
be
used
for
this
specification.
</p>
<ol>
<li>
<dfn title="linked_data" id="dfn-linked_data">
Linked
Data
</dfn>
is
a
set
of
documents,
each
containing
a
representation
of
a
linked
data
graph.
</li>
<li>
A
<dfn title="linked_data_graph" id="dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</dfn>
is
an
unordered
labeled
directed
graph,
where
nodes
are
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
subject
</a>
s
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
s,
and
edges
are
properties.
</li>
<li>
A
<dfn title="subject" id="dfn-subject">
subject
</dfn>
is
any
node
in
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>
with
at
least
one
outgoing
edge.
</li>
<li>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
subject
</a>
<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
should
</em>
be
labeled
with
an
<dfn title="iri" id="dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</dfn>
(an
Internationalized
Resource
Identifier
as
described
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">
RFC3987
</a>
</cite>
]).
</li>
<li>
An
<dfn title="object" id="dfn-object">
object
</dfn>
is
a
node
in
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>
with
at
least
one
incoming
edge.
</li>
<li>
An
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
be
labeled
with
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</li>
<li>
An
object
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
subject
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
at
the
same
time.
</li>
<li>
A
<dfn title="property" id="dfn-property">
property
</dfn>
is
an
edge
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>.
</li>
<li>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
property
</a>
<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
should
</em>
be
labeled
with
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</li>
<li>
An
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
that
is
a
label
in
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>
<em class="rfc2119" title="should">
should
</em>
be
dereferencable
to
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
Linked
Data
</a>
document
describing
the
labeled
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
property
</a>.
</li>
<li>
A
<dfn title="literal" id="dfn-literal">
literal
</dfn>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
with
a
label
that
is
not
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
Note
that
the
definition
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
Linked
Data
</a>
above
is
silent
on
the
topic
of
unlabeled
nodes.
Unlabeled
nodes
are
not
considered
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
Linked
Data
</a>.
However,
this
specification
allows
for
the
expression
of
unlabled
nodes,
as
most
graph-based
data
sets
on
the
Web
contain
a
number
of
associated
nodes
that
are
not
named
and
thus
are
not
directly
de-referenceable.
</p>
</div>
<div id="contributing" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#contributing" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
1.3
</span>
Contributing
</h3>
<p>
There
are
a
number
of
ways
that
one
may
participate
in
the
development
of
this
specification:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
Technical
discussion
typically
occurs
on
the
public
mailing
list:
<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-linked-json/">
public-linked-json@w3.org
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="http://json-ld.org/minutes/">
Public
teleconferences
</a>
are
held
on
Tuesdays
at
1500UTC
on
the
second
and
fourth
week
of
each
month.
</li>
<li>
Specification
bugs
and
issues
should
be
reported
in
the
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues">
issue
tracker
</a>.
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/tree/main/spec">
Source
code
</a>
for
the
specification
can
be
found
on
Github.
</li>
<li>
The
<a href="http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=json-ld">
#json-ld
</a>
IRC
channel
is
available
for
real-time
discussion
on
irc.freenode.net.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="the-application-programming-interface" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#the-application-programming-interface" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
2.
</span>
The
Application
Programming
Interface
</h2>
<p>
This
API
provides
a
clean
mechanism
that
enables
developers
to
convert
JSON-LD
data
into
a
a
variety
of
output
formats
that
are
easier
to
work
with
in
various
programming
languages.
If
a
JSON-LD
API
is
provided
in
a
programming
environment,
the
entirety
of
the
following
API
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
implemented.
</p>
<div id="jsonldprocessor" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#jsonldprocessor" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
2.1
</span>
JsonLdProcessor
</h3>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdProcessor">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdProcessor</span> {
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">expand</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>ObjectOrURL</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">compact</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-frame-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">frame</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">frame</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-string-or-URL-graph-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">flatten</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>string or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">graph</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>ObjectOrURL</a>?</span> <span class="idlParamName">context</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">fromRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a>[]</span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">toRDF</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>object or object[] or URL</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">input</span></span>, <span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType"><code>QuadCallback</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">callback</span></span>, <span class="idlParam">optional <span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code>JsonLdOptions</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">options</span></span>);</span>
};</span>
</pre>
<div id="methods" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#methods" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.1.1
</span>
Methods
</h4>
<dl class="methods">
<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-compact-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
<code>
compact
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<a href="#compaction">
Compacts
</a>
the
given
<code>
input
</code>
using
the
<code>
context
</code>
according
to
the
steps
in
the
<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
Compaction
Algorithm
</a>.
The
<code>
input
</code>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
copied,
compacted
and
returned
if
there
are
no
errors.
If
the
compaction
fails,
an
appropirate
exception
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
thrown.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
input
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
object[]
or
URL
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
JSON-LD
object
or
array
of
JSON-LD
objects
to
perform
the
compaction
upon
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
referencing
the
JSON-LD
document
to
compact.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
context
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
URL
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
context
to
use
when
compacting
the
<code>
input
</code>
;
either
in
the
form
of
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
or
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
callback
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdCallback
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
processing
is
complete
on
the
given
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
options
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptTrue">
✔
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
set
of
options
that
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
affect
the
expansion
algorithm
such
as,
e.g.,
the
input
document's
base
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
This
also
includes
<code>
optimize
</code>,
which
if
set
will
cause
processor-specific
optimization.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-expand-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
<code>
expand
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<a href="#expansion">
Expands
</a>
the
given
<code>
input
</code>
according
to
the
steps
in
the
<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
Expansion
Algorithm
</a>.
The
<code>
input
</code>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
copied,
expanded
and
returned
if
there
are
no
errors.
If
the
expansion
fails,
an
appropriate
exception
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
thrown.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
input
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
object[]
or
URL
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
JSON-LD
object
or
array
of
JSON-LD
objects
to
perform
the
expansion
upon
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
referencing
the
JSON-LD
document
to
expand.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
<ins class="diff-new">context
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
ObjectOrURL
</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue"><ins class="diff-new">
✔
</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
✘
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
An
optional
external
context
to
use
additionally
to
the
context
embedded
in
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
when
expanding
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
callback
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
JsonLdCallback
</ins></code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
✘
</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
✘
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
processing
is
complete
on
the
given
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
options
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
JsonLdOptions
</ins></code></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
✘
</ins></td><td class="prmOptTrue"><ins class="diff-new">
✔
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
A
set
of
options
that
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="may"><ins class="diff-new">
may
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
affect
the
expansion
algorithm
such
as,
e.g.,
the
input
document's
base
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a>.</td></tr></table><div><em><ins class="diff-new">
Return
type:
</ins></em><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
void
</ins></a></code></div></dd><dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-flatten-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-string-or-URL-graph-ObjectOrURL-context-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options"><code><ins class="diff-new">
flatten
</ins></code></dt><dd><a href="#flattening"><ins class="diff-new">
Flattens
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
the
given
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
according
to
the
steps
in
the
</ins><a href="#flattening-algorithm"><ins class="diff-new">
Flattening
Algorithm
</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
The
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></code><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
be
flattened
and
returned
if
there
are
no
errors.
If
the
flattening
fails,
an
appropriate
exception
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
be
thrown.
</ins><p class="issue"><ins class="diff-new">
It
is
still
being
discussed
if
the
flatten()
method
should
be
added
or
not.
See
</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/109"><ins class="diff-new">
ISSUE-109
</ins></a>.</p><table class="parameters"><tr><th><ins class="diff-new">
Parameter
</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
Type
</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
Nullable
</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
Optional
</ins></th><th><ins class="diff-new">
Description
</ins></th></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
object
or
object[]
or
URL
</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
✘
</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
✘
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
The
JSON-LD
object
or
array
of
JSON-LD
objects
to
flatten
or
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
referencing
the
JSON-LD
document
to
flatten.
</ins></td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
graph
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
string
or
URL
</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
✘
</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
✘
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
The
graph
in
the
document
that
should
be
flattened.
To
return
the
default
graph
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@default
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
has
to
be
passed,
for
the
merged
graph
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
and
for
any
other
graph
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-new">
identifying
the
graph
has
to
be
passed.
The
default
value
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@merged
</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName"><ins class="diff-new">
context
</ins></td><td class="prmType"><code><a><ins class="diff-new">
ObjectOrURL
</ins></a></code></td><td class="prmNullTrue"><ins class="diff-new">
✔
</ins></td><td class="prmOptFalse"><ins class="diff-new">
✘
</ins></td><td class="prmDesc"><ins class="diff-new">
An
optional
external
context
to
use
additionally
to
the
context
embedded
in
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
when
expanding
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
input
</ins></code>.</td></tr><tr><td class="prmName">
callback
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdCallback
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
processing
is
complete
on
the
given
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
options
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptTrue">
✔
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
set
of
options
that
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
affect
the
expansion
algorithm
such
as,
e.g.,
the
input
document's
base
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-frame-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-object-or-URL-frame-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
<code>
frame
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<a href="#framing">
Frames
</a>
the
given
<code>
input
</code>
using
the
<code>
frame
</code>
according
to
the
steps
in
the
<a href="#framing-algorithm">
Framing
Algorithm
</a>.
The
<code>
input
</code>
is
used
to
build
the
framed
output
and
is
returned
if
there
are
no
errors.
If
there
are
no
matches
for
the
frame,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
returned.
Exceptions
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
thrown
if
there
are
errors.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
input
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
object[]
or
URL
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
JSON-LD
object
or
array
of
JSON-LD
objects
to
perform
the
framing
upon
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
referencing
the
JSON-LD
document
to
frame.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
frame
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
URL
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
frame
to
use
when
re-arranging
the
data
of
<code>
input
</code>
;
either
in
the
form
of
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
or
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
callback
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdCallback
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
processing
is
complete
on
the
given
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
options
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptTrue">
✔
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
set
of
options
that
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
affect
the
framing
algorithm
such
as,
e.g.,
the
input
document's
base
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-fromRDF-void-QuadArray-input-JsonLdCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
<code>
fromRDF
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Creates
a
JSON-LD
document
given
an
set
of
<a class="datatype idlType" title="quad" href="#idl-def-quad">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quads
</ins>
</code>
<del class="diff-old">s.
</del>
</a>.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
input
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
[]
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
An
array
of
RDF
<del class="diff-old">statements.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quads.
</ins>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
callback
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdCallback
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
processing
is
complete
on
the
given
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
options
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptTrue">
✔
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
set
of
options
that
will
affect
the
algorithm.
This
includes
<code>
notType
</code>,
which
if
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
true
</a>
causes
the
resulting
document
to
use
<code>
rdf:type
</code>
as
a
property,
instead
of
<code>
@type
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-JsonLdProcessor-toRDF-void-object-or-object---or-URL-input-QuadCallback-callback-JsonLdOptions-options">
<code>
toRDF
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Processes
the
<code>
input
</code>
according
to
the
<a href="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm">
Convert
to
RDF
Algorithm
</a>,
calling
the
provided
<code>
callback
</code>
for
each
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
generated.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
input
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
object
or
object[]
or
URL
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
JSON-LD
object
or
array
of
JSON-LD
objects
to
convert
to
RDF
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
referencing
the
JSON-LD
document
to
convert
to
RDF.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
<del class="diff-old">context
ObjectOrURL
✔
✘
An
external
context
to
use
additionally
to
the
context
embedded
in
input
when
expanding
the
input
.
</del>
callback
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">StatementCallback
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">QuadCallback
</ins>
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
callback
that
is
called
when
a
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
is
created
from
processing
the
given
<code>
input
</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
options
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdOptions
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptTrue">
✔
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
A
set
of
options
that
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
affect
the
conversion
to
RDF
such
as,
e.g.,
the
input
document's
base
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div id="callbacks" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#callbacks" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
2.2
</span>
Callbacks
</h3>
<div id="jsonldcallback" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#jsonldcallback" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.2.1
</span>
JsonLdCallback
</h4>
<p>
The
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
JsonLdCallback
</code>
</a>
is
used
to
return
a
processed
JSON-LD
representation
as
the
result
of
processing
an
API
method.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-JsonLdCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">JsonLdCallback</span> {
<span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-JsonLdCallback-jsonLd-void-ObjectOrObjectArray-jsonld">jsonLd</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a>ObjectOrObjectArray</a></span> <span class="idlParamName">jsonld</span></span>);</span>
};</span>
</pre>
<div id="methods-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#methods-1" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
2.2.1.1
</span>
Methods
</h5>
<dl class="methods">
<dt id="widl-JsonLdCallback-jsonLd-void-ObjectOrObjectArray-jsonld">
<code>
jsonLd
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
This
callback
is
invoked
when
processing
is
complete.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
jsonld
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a>
ObjectOrObjectArray
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
processed
JSON-LD
document.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div id="quadcallback" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#quadcallback" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.2.2
</span>
<del class="diff-old">StatementCallback
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">QuadCallback
</ins>
</h4>
<p>
The
<a href="#idl-def-QuadCallback" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">StatementCallback
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">QuadCallback
</ins>
</code>
</a>
is
called
whenever
the
processor
generates
a
<del class="diff-old">statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad
</ins>
during
the
<code>
<del class="diff-old">statement()
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad()
</ins>
</code>
call.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
interface  {
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-QuadCallback">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject Callback</span>]
<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">QuadCallback</span> {
</ins><span class="idlMethod">    <span class="idlMethType"><a>void</a></span> <span class="idlMethName"><a href="#widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-Quad-quad">quad</a></span> (<span class="idlParam"><span class="idlParamType"><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code>Quad</code></a></span> <span class="idlParamName">quad</span></span>);</span>
};</span>
</pre>
<div id="methods-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#methods-2" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
2.2.2.1
</span>
Methods
</h5>
<dl class="methods">
<dt id="widl-QuadCallback-quad-void-Quad-quad">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad
</ins>
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
This
callback
is
invoked
whenever
a
<del class="diff-old">statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad
</ins>
is
generated
by
the
processor.
<table class="parameters">
<tr>
<th>
Parameter
</th>
<th>
Type
</th>
<th>
Nullable
</th>
<th>
Optional
</th>
<th>
Description
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="prmName">
<del class="diff-old">statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad
</ins>
</td>
<td class="prmType">
<code>
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
</code>
</td>
<td class="prmNullFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmOptFalse">
✘
</td>
<td class="prmDesc">
The
<del class="diff-old">statement.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad.
</ins>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div>
<em>
Return
type:
</em>
<code>
<a>
void
</a>
</code>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="data-structures" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#data-structures" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
2.3
</span>
Data
Structures
</h3>
<p>
This
section
describes
datatype
definitions
used
within
the
JSON-LD
API.
</p>
<div id="url" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#url" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.3.1
</span>
URL
</h4>
<p>
The
<a href="#idl-def-URL" class="idlType">
<code>
URL
</code>
</a>
datatype
is
a
string
representation
of
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</p>
<pre class="idl">
<span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-URL">
typedef
<span class="idlTypedefType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>
<span class="idlTypedefID">
URL
</span>
;
</span>
</pre>
<div class="idlTypedefDesc">
This
datatype
indicates
that
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
is
interpreted
as
a
Universal
Resource
Locator
identifying
a
document,
which
when
parsed
as
JSON
yields
either
a
<code>
JSON
object
</code>
or
<code>
array
</code>.
</div>
</div>
<div id="jsonldoptions" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#jsonldoptions" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.3.2
</span>
JsonLdOptions
</h4>
<p>
The
<del class="diff-old">JsonLdOptiones
</del>
<a href="#idl-def-JsonLdOptions" class="idlType">
<code>
<ins class="diff-chg">JsonLdOptions
</ins></code>
</a>
type
is
used
to
convery
a
set
of
options
to
an
interface
method.
</p>
<pre class="idl">
<span class="idlTypedef" id="idl-def-JsonLdOptions">
typedef
<span class="idlTypedefType">
<a>
object
</a>
</span>
<span class="idlTypedefID">
JsonLdOptions
</span>
;
</span>
</pre>
<div class="idlTypedefDesc">
<dt>
<a href="#idl-def-URL" class="idlType">
<code>
URL
</code>
</a>
base
</dt>
<dd>
The
Base
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
to
use
when
expanding
the
document.
This
overrides
the
value
of
<em>
input
</em>
if
it
is
a
<a href="#idl-def-URL" class="idlType">
<code>
URL
</code>
</a>
or
if
it
is
a
<code>
object
</code>
or
<code>
object[]
</code>.
</dd>
<dt>
boolean
optimize
</dt>
<dd>
If
set
to
<code>
true
</code>,
the
JSON-LD
processor
is
allowed
to
optimize
the
output
of
the
<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
Compaction
Algorithm
</a>
to
produce
even
compacter
representations.
The
algorithm
for
compaction
optimization
is
beyond
the
scope
of
this
specification
and
thus
not
defined.
Consequently,
different
implementations
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
implement
different
optimization
algorithms.
</dd>
<dt>
boolean
noType
</dt>
<dd>
If
set
to
<code>
true
</code>,
the
JSON-LD
processor
will
not
use
the
<code>
@type
</code>
property
when
generating
the
output,
and
will
use
the
expanded
<code>
rdf:type
</code>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
as
the
property
instead
of
<code>
@type
</code>.
</dd>
</div>
</div>
<p>
The
following
data
structures
are
used
for
representing
data
about
RDF
<del class="diff-old">statements
(triples
or
quads).
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quads.
</ins>
They
are
used
for
normalization,
<a>
fromRDF
</a>,
and
from
<a>
toRDF
</a>
interfaces.
</p>
<div id="quad" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#quad" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.3.3
</span>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</h4>
<p>
The
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
interface
represents
an
RDF
<del class="diff-old">Statement.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad.
See
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-chg">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
]
definition
for
</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-rdf-triple"><ins class="diff-chg">
RDF
triple
</ins></a></cite>,<ins class="diff-chg">
which
most
closely
aligns
to
</ins><a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-chg">
Quad
</ins></code></a>.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
interface  {
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Quad">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Quad</span> {
</ins><span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>  <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-subject">subject</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>  <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-property">property</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span>  <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-object">object</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Quad-name">name</a></span>;</span>
};</span>
</pre>
<div id="attributes" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
2.3.3.1
</span>
Attributes
</h5>
<dl class="attributes">
<dt id="widl-Quad-name">
<code>
name
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly,
nullable
</dt>
<dd>
The
name
associated
with
the
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
identifying
it
as
a
member
of
a
named
graph.
If
the
attribute
is
present,
it
indicates
that
this
<del class="diff-old">statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad
</ins>
is
a
member
of
a
<em>
named
graph
</em>
associated
with
<em>
name
</em>.
If
it
is
missing,
the
<del class="diff-old">statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad
</ins>
is
a
member
of
the
<em>
default
graph
</em>.
<div class="issue">
<ins class="diff-new">This
element
is
at
risk,
and
may
be
removed.
</ins></div>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Quad-object">
<code>
object
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
object
associated
with
the
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Quad-property">
<code>
property
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
property
associated
with
the
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>.
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Quad-subject">
<code>
subject
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
subject
associated
with
the
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div id="node" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#node" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.3.4
</span>
Node
</h4>
<p>
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
is
the
base
class
of
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</code>
</a>,
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>,
and
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
</ins>
</code>
</a>.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Node">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Node</span> {
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Node-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Node-interfaceName">interfaceName</a></span>;</span>
};</span>
</pre>
<div id="attributes-1" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-1" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
2.3.4.1
</span>
Attributes
</h5>
<dl class="attributes">
<dt id="widl-Node-interfaceName">
<code>
interfaceName
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Provides
access
to
the
string
name
of
the
current
interface,
normally
one
of
<code>
&quot;
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
&quot;
</code>,
<code>
&quot;BlankNode&quot;
</code>
or
<code>
<del class="diff-old">&quot;LiteralNode&quot;
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">&quot;Literal&quot;
</ins>
</code>.
</p>
<p>
This
method
serves
to
disambiguate
instances
of
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
which
are
otherwise
identical,
such
as
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</code>
</a>
and
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Node-nominalValue">
<code>
nominalValue
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The
<code>
nominalValue
</code>
of
an
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>
is
refined
by
each
interface
which
extends
<a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType">
<code>
Node
</code>
</a>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div id="iri" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.3.5
</span>
<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</h4>
<p>
A
node
identified
by
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
<del class="diff-old">NamedNodes
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRIs
</ins>
are
defined
by
International
Resource
Identifier
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-IRI">
IRI
</a>
</cite>
].
<ins class="diff-new">See
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-new">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
]
definition
for
</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-new">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a></cite>.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
interface  {
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-IRI">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
<ins class="diff-chg">interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">IRI</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
</ins><span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-IRI-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
};</span>
</pre>
<div id="attributes-2" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-2" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
2.3.5.1
</span>
Attributes
</h5>
<dl class="attributes">
<dt id="widl-IRI-nominalValue">
<code>
nominalValue
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
identifier
of
the
node.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div id="blank-node" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#blank-node" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.3.6
</span>
Blank
Node
</h4>
<p>
A
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>
is
a
reference
to
an
unnamed
resource
(one
for
which
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
<del class="diff-old">is
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">may
</ins>
not
<ins class="diff-new">be
</ins>
known),
and
may
be
used
in
a
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
as
a
unique
reference
to
that
unnamed
<del class="diff-old">resource.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">node.
See
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-chg">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
]
definition
for
</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-blank-node"><ins class="diff-chg">
blank
node
</ins></a></cite>.
</p>
<del class="diff-old">    ]
</del>
    <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-BlankNode">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">BlankNode</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
<span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-BlankNode-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span>
};</span>
</pre>
<div id="attributes-3" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-3" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
2.3.6.1
</span>
Attributes
</h5>
<dl class="attributes">
<dt id="widl-BlankNode-nominalValue">
<code>
nominalValue
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
temporary
identifier
of
the
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>.
The
nominalValue
<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
must
not
</em>
be
relied
upon
in
any
way
between
two
separate
processing
runs
of
the
same
document.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p class="note">
Developers
and
authors
must
not
assume
that
the
nominalValue
of
a
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>
will
remain
the
same
between
two
processing
runs.
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>
nominalValues
are
only
valid
for
the
most
recent
processing
run
on
the
document.
<a class="datatype idlType" title="blanknode" href="#idl-def-blanknode">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">BlankNode
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNodes
</ins>
</code>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">s
</del>
nominalValues
will
often
be
generated
differently
by
different
processors.
</p>
<p class="note">
Implementers
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
ensure
that
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>
nominalValues
are
unique
within
the
current
environment,
two
<a class="datatype idlType" title="blanknode" href="#idl-def-blanknode">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">BlankNode
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNodes
</ins>
</code>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">s
</del>
are
considered
equal
if,
and
only
if,
their
nominalValues
are
strictly
equal.
</p>
</div>
<div id="literal" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#literal" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
2.3.7
</span>
<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
</ins>
</h4>
<p>
<del class="diff-old">LiteralNodes
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Literals
</ins>
represent
values
such
as
numbers,
dates
and
strings
in
RDF
data.
A
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
</ins>
</code>
</a>
is
comprised
of
three
attributes:
</p>
<ul>
<li>
a
lexical
representation
of
the
<code>
nominalValue
</code>
</li>
<li>
an
optional
<code>
language
</code>
represented
by
a
string
token
</li>
<li>
an
optional
<code>
datatype
</code>
specified
by
<del class="diff-old">a
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">an
</ins><a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</code>
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
<del class="diff-old">LiteralNodes
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Literals
</ins>
representing
plain
text
in
a
natural
language
may
have
a
<code>
language
</code>
attribute
specified
by
a
text
string
token,
as
specified
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">
BCP47
</a>
</cite>
],
normalized
to
lowercase
(e.g.,
<code>
'en'
</code>,
<code>
'fr'
</code>,
<code>
'en-gb'
</code>
).
They
may
also
have
a
datatype
attribute
such
as
<code>
xsd:string
</code>.
</p>
<p>
<del class="diff-old">LiteralNodes
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Literals
</ins>
representing
values
with
a
specific
datatype,
such
as
the
integer
72,
may
have
a
<code>
datatype
</code>
attribute
specified
in
the
form
of
a
<a href="#dfn-iri" class="internalDFN">
<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</a>
(e.g.,
<code>
&lt;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer&gt;
</code>
).
</p>
<del class="diff-old">      ]
interface  {
</del>
<p>
<ins class="diff-chg">See[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-CONCEPTS"><ins class="diff-chg">
RDF-CONCEPTS
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
]
definition
for
</ins><cite><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/#dfn-literal"><ins class="diff-chg">
literal
</ins></a></cite>.</p>      <pre class="idl"><span class="idlInterface" id="idl-def-Literal">[<span class="extAttr">NoInterfaceObject</span>]<ins class="diff-chg">
interface <span class="idlInterfaceID">Literal</span> : <span class="idlSuperclass"><a href="#idl-def-Node" class="idlType"><code>Node</code></a></span> {
</ins><span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a></span>  <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-nominalValue">nominalValue</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a>DOMString</a>?</span> <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-language">language</a></span>;</span><span class="idlAttribute">    readonly attribute <span class="idlAttrType"><a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType"><code>IRI</code></a>?</span>       <span class="idlAttrName"><a href="#widl-Literal-datatype">datatype</a></span>;</span>
};</span>
</pre>
<div id="attributes-4" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#attributes-4" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h5>
<span class="secno">
2.3.7.1
</span>
Attributes
</h5>
<dl class="attributes">
<dt id="widl-Literal-datatype">
<code>
datatype
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a href="#idl-def-IRI" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins>
</code>
</a>
</span>,
readonly,
nullable
</dt>
<dd>
An
optional
datatype
identified
by
a
<del class="diff-old">NamedNode.
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>.
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Literal-language">
<code>
language
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly,
nullable
</dt>
<dd>
An
optional
language
string
as
defined
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-BCP47">
BCP47
</a>
</cite>
],
normalized
to
lowercase.
</dd>
<dt id="widl-Literal-nominalValue">
<code>
nominalValue
</code>
of
type
<span class="idlAttrType">
<a>
DOMString
</a>
</span>,
readonly
</dt>
<dd>
The
lexical
representation
of
the
<del class="diff-old">LiteralNodes
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Literals
</ins>
value.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="algorithms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#algorithms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
3.
</span>
Algorithms
</h2>
<p>
All
algorithms
described
in
this
section
are
intended
to
operate
on
language-native
data
structures.
That
is,
the
serialization
to
a
text-based
JSON
document
isn't
required
as
input
or
output
to
any
of
these
algorithms
and
language-native
data
structures
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
used
where
applicable.
</p>
<div id="syntax-tokens-and-keywords" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#syntax-tokens-and-keywords" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.1
</span>
Syntax
Tokens
and
Keywords
</h3>
<p>
JSON-LD
specifies
a
number
of
syntax
tokens
and
<dfn title="keyword" id="dfn-keyword">
keyword
</dfn>
s
that
are
using
in
all
algorithms
described
in
this
section:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<code>
@context
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
to
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@id
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Sets
the
active
subject.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@language
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
to
specify
the
language
for
a
literal.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@type
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
to
set
the
type
of
the
active
subject
or
the
datatype
of
a
literal.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@value
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
to
specify
the
value
of
a
literal.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@container
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
to
set
the
container
of
a
particular
value.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@list
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
to
express
an
ordered
set
of
data.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@set
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
to
express
an
unordered
set
of
data.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@graph
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
to
explicitly
express
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data_graph" href="#dfn-linked_data_graph">
linked
data
graph
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>:
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
The
separator
for
JSON
keys
and
values
that
use
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
IRIs
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@default
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
in
<a href="#framing">
Framing
</a>
to
set
the
<del class="diff-old">defeault
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">default
</ins>
value
for
an
output
property
when
the
framed
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
does
not
include
such
a
property.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@explicit
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
in
<a href="#framing">
Framing
</a>
to
override
the
value
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
explicit
inclusion
flag
</a>
within
a
specific
frame.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@omitDefault
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
in
<a href="#framing">
Framing
</a>
to
override
the
value
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
omit
default
flag
</a>
within
a
specific
frame.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@embed
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
Used
in
<a href="#framing">
Framing
</a>
to
override
the
value
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
object
embed
flag
</a>
within
a
specific
frame.
</dd>
<dt>
<code>
@null
</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<del class="diff-old">&gt;Used
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Used
</ins>
in
<a href="#framing">
Framing
</a>
when
a
value
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
should
be
returned,
which
would
otherwise
be
removed
when
<a href="#compaction">
Compacting
</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
All
JSON-LD
tokens
and
keywords
are
case-sensitive.
</p>
</div>
<div id="algorithm-terms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#algorithm-terms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.2
</span>
Algorithm
Terms
</h3>
<dl>
<dt>
<dfn title="initial_context" id="dfn-initial_context">
initial
context
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
context
that
is
specified
to
the
algorithm
before
processing
begins.
The
contents
of
the
initial
context
is
defined
in
<a href="#appendix-b">
Appendix
B
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="active_subject" id="dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
the
currently
active
subject
that
the
processor
should
use
when
processing.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="active_property" id="dfn-active_property">
active
property
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
the
currently
active
property
that
the
processor
should
use
when
processing.
The
active
property
is
represented
in
the
original
lexical
form,
which
is
used
for
finding
coercion
mappings
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="active_object" id="dfn-active_object">
active
object
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
the
currently
active
object
that
the
processor
should
use
when
processing.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="active_context" id="dfn-active_context">
active
context
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
context
that
is
used
to
resolve
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
s
while
the
processing
algorithm
is
running.
The
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
is
the
context
contained
within
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="blank_node" id="dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
blank
node
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">
resource
</a>
which
is
neither
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
nor
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>.
Blank
nodes
may
be
named
or
unnamed
and
often
take
on
the
role
of
a
variable
that
may
represent
either
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
or
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="compact_iri" id="dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
is
has
the
form
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
prefix
</a>
and
<em>
suffix
</em>
and
is
used
as
a
way
of
expressing
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
without
needing
to
define
separate
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
definitions
for
each
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
contained
within
a
common
vocabulary
identified
by
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
prefix
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="local_context" id="dfn-local_context">
local
context
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
context
that
is
specified
within
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
specified
via
the
<code>
@context
</code>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="processor_state" id="dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>,
which
includes
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
The
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
is
managed
as
a
stack
with
elements
from
the
previous
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
copied
into
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
when
entering
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="json-ld_input" id="dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
The
JSON-LD
data
structure
that
is
provided
as
input
to
the
algorithm.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="json-ld_output" id="dfn-json-ld_output">
JSON-LD
output
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
The
JSON-LD
data
structure
that
is
produced
as
output
by
the
algorithm.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="term" id="dfn-term">
term
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
is
a
short
word
defined
in
a
context
that
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
be
expanded
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="prefix" id="dfn-prefix">
prefix
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="prefix" href="#dfn-prefix">
prefix
</a>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
that
expands
to
a
vocabulary
base
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>.
It
is
typically
used
along
with
a
<em>
suffix
</em>
to
form
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
to
create
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
within
a
vocabulary.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="plain_literal" id="dfn-plain_literal">
plain
literal
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
plain
literal
</a>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>
without
a
datatype,
possibly
including
a
language.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="typed_literal" id="dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</a>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="literal" href="#dfn-literal">
literal
</a>
with
an
associated
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
which
indicates
the
literal's
datatype.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="context-processing" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#context-processing" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3 id="context">
<span class="secno">
3.3
</span>
Context
Processing
</h3>
<p>
Processing
of
JSON-LD
data
structure
is
managed
recursively.
During
processing,
each
rule
is
applied
using
information
provided
by
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
Processing
begins
by
pushing
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
onto
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>
stack
and
initializing
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
with
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
initial
context
</a>.
If
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
is
encountered,
information
from
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
is
merged
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</p>
<p>
The
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
is
used
for
expanding
properties
and
values
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
(or
elements
of
<del class="diff-old">a
list
(see
List
Processing
))
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">an
array)
</ins>
using
a
<dfn title="term_mapping" id="dfn-term_mapping">
term
mapping
</dfn>.
It
is
also
used
to
maintain
<dfn title="coercion_mapping" id="dfn-coercion_mapping">
coercion
mapping
</dfn>
s
from
terms
to
datatypes,
<dfn title="language_mapping" id="dfn-language_mapping">
language
mapping
</dfn>
s
from
terms
to
language
codes,
and
<dfn title="list_mapping" id="dfn-list_mapping">
list
mapping
</dfn>
s
and
<dfn title="set_mapping" id="dfn-set_mapping">
set
mapping
</dfn>
s
for
terms.
Processors
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
use
the
lexical
form
of
the
property
when
creating
a
mapping,
as
lookup
is
performed
on
lexical
representations,
not
expanded
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
representations.
</p>
<p>
A
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
is
identified
within
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
having
a
<code>
@context
</code>
property
with
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
or
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
value.
When
processing
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>,
special
processing
rules
apply:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Create
a
new,
empty
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Let
<em>
context
</em>
be
the
value
of
<code>
@context
</code>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li id="process-context">
If
<em>
context
</em>
equals
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
reset
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
to
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
initial
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
context
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
process
each
element
as
<em>
context
</em>
in
order
by
starting
at
<a href="#process-context">
Step
2.1
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
context
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
it
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
a
lexical
form
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Dereference
<em>
context
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
resulting
document
is
a
JSON
document,
extract
the
top-level
<code>
@context
</code>
element
using
the
JSON
Pointer
&quot;/@context&quot;
as
described
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-JSON-POINTER">
JSON-POINTER
</a>
</cite>
].
Set
<em>
context
</em>
to
the
extracted
content
and
process
it
by
starting
at
<a href="#process-context">
Step
2.1
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
context
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
perform
the
following
steps:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
context
</em>
has
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property,
it
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
a
value
of
a
simple
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>.
Add
the
language
to
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>.
</li>
<li id="object-context">
Otherwise,
for
each
property
in
<em>
context
</em>
perform
the
following
steps:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
property's
value
is
a
simple
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
determine
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
value
by
performing
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
on
the
associated
value.
If
the
result
of
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
merge
the
property
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
term
mapping
</a>,
unless
the
property
is
a
JSON-LD
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>,
in
which
case
throw
an
exception.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
property's
value
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
remove
mapping,
coercion,
container
and
language
information
associated
with
property
from
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
the
<em>
property
</em>
's
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>.
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
a
JSON-LD
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>
and
the
value
has
<code>
@id
</code>,
<code>
@language
</code>
or
<code>
@type
</code>
properties,
throw
an
exception.
<div class="issue">
Undecided
if
<code>
@type
</code>
or
<code>
@graph
</code>
can
take
a
<code>
@container
</code>
with
<code>
@set
</code>.
</div>
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
property
</em>
has
the
form
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">it's
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">its
</ins>
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
an
<code>
@id
</code>
property
with
a
string
value
which
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
the
form
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
Determine
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
by
performing
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
on
the
associated
value.
If
the
result
of
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
merge
the
<em>
property
</em>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
term
mapping
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
property
</em>
has
the
form
of
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
the
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
have
a
<code>
@id
</code>
property
with
a
string
value
which
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
the
form
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
or
absolute
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
Determine
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
by
performing
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
on
the
associated
value.
If
the
result
of
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
merge
the
<em>
property
</em>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_mapping" href="#dfn-term_mapping">
term
mapping
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@type
</code>
property,
<del class="diff-old">it's
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">its
</ins>
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
have
the
form
of
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
or
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>
<code>
@id
</code>.
Determine
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
by
performing
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
on
the
associated
value.
If
the
result
of
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
mapping
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
or
<code>
@id
</code>,
merge
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="coercion_mapping" href="#dfn-coercion_mapping">
coercion
mapping
</a>
using
the
lexical
value
of
the
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
property,
<del class="diff-old">it's
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">its
</ins>
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
<code>
@list
</code>
or
<code>
@set
</code>.
Merge
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="list_mapping" href="#dfn-list_mapping">
list
mapping
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="set_mapping" href="#dfn-set_mapping">
set
mapping
</a>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
using
the
lexical
value
of
the
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property
but
no
<code>
@type
</code>
property,
the
value
of
the
<code>
@language
</code>
property
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>.
Merge
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="language_mapping" href="#dfn-language_mapping">
language
mapping
</a>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
using
the
lexical
value
of
the
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Merge
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>
into
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Repeat
<a href="#object-context">
Step
2.4.2
</a>
until
no
entries
are
added
to
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="local_context" href="#dfn-local_context">
local
context
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="note">
It
can
be
difficult
to
distinguish
between
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
and
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
as
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
may
seem
to
be
a
valid
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
<em>
scheme
</em>.
When
performing
repeated
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
expansion,
a
term
used
as
a
prefix
may
not
have
a
valid
mapping
due
to
dependencies
in
resolving
term
definitions.
By
continuing
<a href="#object-context">
Step
2.3.2
</a>
until
no
changes
are
made,
mappings
to
IRIs
created
using
an
undefined
term
prefix
will
eventually
resolve
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
s.
</p>
<p class="issue">
<a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/43">
Issue
43
</a>
concerns
performing
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
expansion
in
the
key
position
of
a
context
definition.
</p>
</div>
<div id="iri-expansion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri-expansion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.4
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</h3>
<p>
Keys
and
some
values
are
evaluated
to
produce
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
This
section
defines
an
algorithm
for
transforming
a
value
representing
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
into
an
actual
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>.
</p>
<p>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
s
may
be
represented
as
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
or
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>.
</p>
<p>
An
<dfn title="absolute_iri" id="dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</dfn>
is
defined
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3987">
RFC3987
</a>
</cite>
]
containing
a
<em>
scheme
</em>
along
with
<em>
path
</em>
and
optional
<em>
query
</em>
and
fragment
segments.
A
<dfn title="relative_iri" id="dfn-relative_iri">
relative
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</dfn>
is
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
that
is
relative
some
other
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
;
in
the
case
of
JSON-LD
this
is
the
base
location
of
the
document.
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
for
generating
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
is:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
contains
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
mapping
for
the
value
using
a
case-sensitive
comparison,
use
the
mapped
value
as
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
split
the
value
into
a
<em>
prefix
</em>
and
<em>
suffix
</em>
from
the
first
occurrence
of
':'.
</li>
<li>
If
the
prefix
is
a
'_'
(underscore),
the
value
represents
a
named
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
contains
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
mapping
for
<em>
prefix
</em>
using
a
case-sensitive
comparison,
and
<em>
suffix
</em>
does
not
does
not
begin
with
'//'
(i.e.,
it
does
not
match
a
<em>
hier-part
</em>
including
<em>
authority
</em>
(as
defined
in
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RFC3986">
RFC3986
</a>
</cite>
]),
generate
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
by
prepending
the
mapped
prefix
to
the
(possibly
empty)
suffix
using
textual
concatenation.
Note
that
an
empty
suffix
and
no
suffix
(meaning
the
value
contains
no
':'
string
at
all)
are
treated
equivalently.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
use
the
value
directly
as
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>.
</li>
</ol>
<p>
</p>
<p class="note">
Previous
versions
of
this
specification
used
<code>
@base
</code>
and
<code>
@vocab
</code>
to
define
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
prefixes
used
to
resolve
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="relative_iri" href="#dfn-relative_iri">
relative
IRIs
</a>.
It
was
determined
that
this
added
too
much
complexity,
but
the
issue
can
be
re-examined
in
the
future
based
on
community
input.
</p>
</div>
<div id="iri-compaction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri-compaction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.5
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</h3>
<p>
Some
keys
and
values
are
expressed
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
s.
This
section
defines
an
algorithm
for
transforming
an
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
(
<em>
iri
</em>
)
to
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
using
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
s
specified
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
using
an
optional
<em>
value
</em>.
</p>
<div id="iri-compaction-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iri-compaction-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.5.1
</span>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
The
algorithm
for
generating
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
is:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Create
an
empty
list
of
terms
<em>
terms
</em>
that
will
be
populated
with
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
s
that
are
ranked
according
to
how
closely
they
match
<em>
value
</em>.
Initialize
<em>
highest
rank
</em>
to
<code>
0
</code>,
and
set
a
flag
<em>
list
container
</em>
to
<code>
false
</code>.
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
term
</em>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
<em>
term
</em>
's
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
is
not
a
complete
match
against
<em>
iri
</em>,
continue
to
the
next
<em>
term
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
only
the
property
<code>
@list
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
term
</em>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@set
</code>,
continue
to
the
next
<em>
term
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
list
container
</em>
is
<code>
true
</code>
and
<em>
term
</em>
does
not
have
a
<code>
container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
</code>,
continue
to
the
next
<em>
term
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
a
<code>
container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
</code>,
continue
to
the
next
<em>
term
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Set
<em>
rank
</em>
to
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
of
<em>
value
</em>
by
passing
passing
<em>
term
</em>,
<em>
value
</em>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
to
the
<a href="#term-rank-algorithm">
Term
Rank
Algorithm
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
rank
</em>
is
greater
than
<code>
0
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
term
</em>
has
a
<code>
container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@set
</code>,
then
add
<code>
1
</code>
to
<em>
rank
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
only
the
property
<code>
@list
</code>
and
<em>
list
container
</em>
is
<code>
false
</code>
and
<em>
term
</em>
has
a
<code>
container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
</code>,
then
set
<em>
list
container
</em>
to
<code>
true
</code>,
clear
<em>
terms
</em>,
set
<em>
highest
rank
</em>
to
<em>
rank
</em>,
and
add
<em>
term
</em>
to
<em>
terms
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
rank
</em>
is
greater
than
or
equal
to
<em>
highest
rank
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
rank
</em>
is
greater
than
<em>
highest
rank
</em>,
clear
<em>
terms
</em>
and
set
<em>
highest
rank
</em>
to
<em>
rank
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Add
<em>
term
</em>
to
<em>
terms
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
terms
</em>
is
empty,
add
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
representation
of
<em>
iri
</em>
for
each
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
which
maps
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
which
is
a
prefix
for
<em>
iri
</em>
where
the
resulting
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
is
not
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
The
resulting
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="compact_iri" href="#dfn-compact_iri">
compact
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
is
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
associated
with
the
partially
matched
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
concatenated
with
a
colon
(:)
character
and
the
unmatched
part
of
<em>
iri
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
terms
</em>
is
empty,
return
<em>
iri
</em>.
</li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">Return
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
return
</ins>
the
shortest
and
lexicographically
least
value
in
<em>
terms
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div id="term-rank-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#term-rank-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.5.2
</span>
Term
Rank
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
When
selecting
among
multiple
possible
terms
for
a
given
property,
it
may
be
that
multiple
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
terms
</a>
are
defined
with
the
same
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
but
differ
in
<code>
@type
</code>,
<code>
@container
</code>
or
<code>
@language
</code>.
The
purpose
of
this
algorithm
is
to
take
<del class="diff-old">an
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">a
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
and
a
value
and
give
it
a
<dfn title="term_rank" id="dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</dfn>.
The
selection
can
then
be
based,
partly,
on
the
term
having
the
highest
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>.
</p>
<p>
Given
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term" href="#dfn-term">
term
</a>
<em>
term
</em>,
<em>
value
</em>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
determine
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
using
the
following
steps:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
3
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
only
the
property
<code>
@list
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
<code>
@list
</code>
property
is
an
empty
array,
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
<code>
@container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
1
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
0
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
return
the
sum
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
s
for
every
entry
in
the
list.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<del class="diff-old">if
</del>
<em>
value
</em>
<del class="diff-old">is
true
</del>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
<ins class="diff-chg">must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
be
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition"><ins class="diff-chg">
subject
definition
</ins>
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">false
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
<ins class="diff-chg">subject
reference
</ins>
</a>,
or
a
<del class="diff-old">number
,
if
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
having
a
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@value
</ins></code>.<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">term
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">value
</ins>
</em>
has
a
<code>
<del class="diff-old">@type
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@value
</ins>
</code>
<del class="diff-old">coercion
to
xsd:boolean
,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property:
</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
has
a
</ins>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">xsd:integer
,
or
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
property
matching
a
</ins>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">xsd:double
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@type
</ins>
</code>
<del class="diff-old">respectively,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
term
</ins></em>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
3
</code>,
otherwise
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
<del class="diff-old">or
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
and
no
</ins>
<code>
@language
<del class="diff-old">it
</del>
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
<ins class="diff-chg">term
rank
</ins></a>
is
<code>
<del class="diff-old">2
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">1
</ins>
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
<del class="diff-old">1
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">0
</ins>
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<del class="diff-old">value
</del>
<code>
<ins class="diff-chg">@value
</ins></code>
is
<ins class="diff-new">not
</ins>
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">it
represents
a
string
value
with
no
@language
.
If
term
has
@language
null
,
or
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">if
</ins>
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
or
<code>
@language
</code>
<del class="diff-old">and
the
active
context
has
no
@language
,
term
rank
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">it
</ins>
is
<code>
<del class="diff-old">3
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">2
</ins>
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
<del class="diff-old">0
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">1
</ins>
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<del class="diff-old">value
must
be
a
subject
definition
,
subject
reference
,
or
a
JSON
object
having
a
@value
.
If
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">if
</ins>
<em>
value
</em>
has
<del class="diff-old">an
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">no
</ins>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">@value
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@language
</ins>
</code>
property,
<del class="diff-old">it
must
have
either
a
@type
or
a
@language
:
If
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">if
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">value
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">term
</ins>
</em>
has
<del class="diff-old">a
</del>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">@type
property
matching
a
@type
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@language
</ins>
</code>
<del class="diff-old">coercion
for
term
,
term
rank
is
3
,
otherwise
if
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
<ins class="diff-chg">null
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
or
</ins>
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
<del class="diff-old">coersion
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">or
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@language
</ins></code>
and
<ins class="diff-new">the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context"><ins class="diff-new">
active
context
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
has
</ins>
no
<code>
@language
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
<del class="diff-old">1
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3
</ins>
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
0
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
has
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property
matching
a
<code>
@language
</code>
definition
for
<em>
term
</em>
(or
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
or
<code>
@language
</code>
definition
and
<code>
@language
</code>
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
matches
the
<em>
value
</em>
<code>
@language
</code>
),
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
3
</code>,
otherwise
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
<del class="diff-old">coersion
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
</ins>
and
no
<code>
@language
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
1
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
0
</code>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
<code>
@type
</code>
coerced
to
<code>
@id
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
3
</code>,
otherwise
if
<em>
term
</em>
has
no
<code>
@type
</code>
<del class="diff-old">coersion
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">coercion
</ins>
and
no
<code>
@language
</code>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>
is
<code>
1
</code>,
otherwise
<code>
0
</code>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Return
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="term_rank" href="#dfn-term_rank">
term
rank
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div id="value-expansion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#value-expansion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.6
</span>
Value
Expansion
</h3>
<p>
Some
values
in
JSON-LD
can
be
expressed
in
a
compact
form.
These
values
are
required
to
be
expanded
at
times
when
processing
JSON-LD
documents.
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
for
expanding
a
<em>
value
</em>
takes
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
It
is
implemented
as
follows:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
<del class="diff-old">a
number
and
the
active
property
is
the
target
of
typed
literal
coercion
to
xsd:integer
or
xsd:double
,
expand
the
value
into
an
object
with
two
key-value
pairs.
The
first
key-value
pair
will
be
@value
and
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
<ins class="diff-chg">null
</ins></a>,
the
<del class="diff-old">string
representation
of
</del>
<em>
value
</em>
<del class="diff-old">as
defined
in
the
section
Data
Round
Tripping
.
The
second
key-value
pair
will
be
@type
and
the
associated
coercion
datatype
expanded
according
to
the
IRI
Expansion
rules.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">is
already
expanded.
</ins>
</li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
if
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">If
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
<code>
@graph
<del class="diff-old">,
</del>
</code>
or
the
target
of
an
<code>
@id
</code>
coercion,
expand
the
value
into
an
object
with
a
key-value
pair
where
the
key
is
<code>
@id
</code>
and
the
value
is
the
expanded
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
rules.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
<del class="diff-old">the
target
of
typed
literal
coercion,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">not
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword"><ins class="diff-chg">
keyword
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
then
</ins>
expand
<em>
value
</em>
into
an
<del class="diff-old">object
with
key-value
pairs.
The
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">object:
</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Set
the
</ins>
first
key-value
pair
<del class="diff-old">will
be
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">to
</ins>
<code>
@value
</code>
and
the
unexpanded
<em>
value
</em>.
<del class="diff-old">The
</del>
</li>
<li>
<ins class="diff-chg">If
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property"><ins class="diff-chg">
active
property
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
is
the
target
of
typed
literal
coercion,
set
the
</ins>
second
key-value
pair
<del class="diff-old">will
be
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">to
</ins>
<code>
@type
</code>
and
the
associated
coercion
datatype
expanded
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
rules.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<del class="diff-old">value
is
a
string
and
</del>
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
<del class="diff-old">not
</del>
the
target
of
<del class="diff-old">typed
literal
coercion
but
target
of
</del>
language
tagging,
<del class="diff-old">expand
value
into
an
object
with
two
key-value
pairs.
The
first
key-value
pair
will
be
@value
and
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">set
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">unexpanded
value
.
The
</del>
second
key-value
pair
<del class="diff-old">will
be
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">to
</ins>
<code>
@language
</code>
and
value
of
the
language
tagging
from
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<em>
value
</em>
is
already
expanded.
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="value-compaction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#value-compaction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.7
</span>
Value
Compaction
</h3>
<p>
Some
values,
such
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
IRIs
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
<del class="diff-old">literals,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">literals
</ins></a>,
may
be
expressed
in
an
expanded
form
in
JSON-LD.
These
values
are
required
to
be
compacted
at
times
when
processing
JSON-LD
documents.
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
for
compacting
an
expanded
value
<em>
value
</em>
takes
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
It
is
implemented
as
follows:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<del class="diff-old">the
</del>
<em>
value
<del class="diff-old">may
be
expressed
as
true
,
false
or
number
,
</del>
</em>
<ins class="diff-chg">only
has
one
property,
then
</ins>
the
<ins class="diff-new">compacted
</ins>
value
is
the
<del class="diff-old">native
representation
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">value
</ins>
of
<del class="diff-old">the
</del>
<code>
@value
<del class="diff-old">value.
</del>
</code>.
</li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">If
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
if
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
<code>
@graph
</code>,
the
compacted
value
is
the
value
associated
with
the
<code>
@id
</code>
key,
processed
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
steps.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
contains
a
coercion
target
for
the
key
that
matches
the
expression
of
the
value,
compact
the
value
using
the
following
steps:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
coercion
target
is
an
<code>
@id
</code>,
the
compacted
value
is
the
value
associated
with
the
<code>
@id
</code>
key,
processed
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
steps.
</li>
<li>
If
the
coercion
target
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
<del class="diff-old">literal,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">literal
</ins></a>,
the
compacted
value
is
the
value
associated
with
the
<code>
@value
</code>
key.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
contains
an
<code>
@id
</code>
key,
the
compacted
value
is
<em>
value
</em>
with
the
value
of
<code>
@id
</code>
processed
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
steps.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
contains
a
<code>
@language
</code>,
which
matches
the
<code>
@language
</code>
of
the
value,
or
the
value
has
only
a
<code>
@value
</code>
key,
the
compacted
value
is
the
value
associated
with
the
<code>
@value
</code>
key.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
value
contains
a
<code>
@type
</code>
key,
the
compacted
value
is
<em>
value
</em>
with
the
<code>
@type
</code>
value
processed
according
to
the
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
steps.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
the
value
is
not
modified.
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="generate-blank-node-identifier" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#generate-blank-node-identifier" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.8
</span>
Generate
Blank
Node
Identifier
</h3>
<p>
This
algorithm
is
used
by
the
<a href="#framing-algorithm">
Framing
Algorithm
</a>
and
<a href="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm">
Convert
From
RDF
Algorithm
</a>
to
deterministicly
name
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>
identifiers.
It
uses
a
<em>
identifier
map
</em>
and
<em>
prefix
</em>
and
takes
a
possibly
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
identifier
and
returns
a
new
identifier
based
on
<em>
prefix
</em>.
</p>
<p>
The
variable
<em>
next
identifier
</em>
is
initialized
to
<em>
prefix
</em>
appended
with
<code>
0
</code>.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
old
identifier
is
not
null
and
is
in
<em>
identifier
map
</em>
return
the
mapped
identifier.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
old
identifier
is
not
null,
create
a
new
entry
in
<em>
identifier
map
</em>
initialized
to
the
current
value
of
<em>
next
identifier
</em>.
Increment
<em>
next
identifier
</em>
by
adding
one
to
the
integer
suffix.
Return
the
mapped
identifier.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
increment
<em>
next
identifier
</em>
by
adding
one
to
the
integer
suffix
and
return
its
original
value.
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="expansion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#expansion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.9
</span>
Expansion
</h3>
<p>
Expansion
is
the
process
of
taking
a
JSON-LD
document
and
applying
a
context
such
that
all
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>,
datatypes,
and
literal
values
are
expanded
so
that
the
context
is
no
longer
necessary.
JSON-LD
document
expansion
is
typically
used
as
a
part
of
<a href="#framing">
Framing
</a>.
</p>
<p>
For
example,
assume
the
following
JSON-LD
input
document:
</p>
<pre class="example">{
   &quot;@context&quot;:
   {
      &quot;name&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;,
      &quot;homepage&quot;: {
        &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;,
        &quot;@type&quot;, &quot;@id&quot;
      }
   },
   &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
   &quot;homepage&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
}
</pre>
<p>
Running
the
JSON-LD
Expansion
algorithm
against
the
JSON-LD
input
document
provided
above
would
result
in
the
following
output:
</p>
<pre class="example">{
   &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
   &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;: {
      &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
   }
}
</pre>
<div id="expansion-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#expansion-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.9.1
</span>
Expansion
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
The
algorithm
takes
three
input
variables:
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>,
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
and
an
<em>
element
</em>
to
be
expanded.
To
begin,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
is
set
to
the
<ins class="diff-new">result
of
performing,
</ins><a href="#context-processing"><ins class="diff-new">
Context
Processing
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
on
the
passed
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
context
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
or
to
the
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
initial
context
</a>
<ins class="diff-new">if
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
context
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
is
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
null
</ins>
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
and
<em>
element
</em>
is
set
to
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</a>.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
process
each
entry
in
<em>
element
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
copies
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
If
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
set
to
<code>
@list
</code>
and
any
entry
in
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
or
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
a
<code>
@list
</code>
property,
throw
an
exception,
as
lists
of
lists
are
not
allowed.
If
the
expanded
entry
is
null,
drop
it.
If
it's
an
array,
merge
<del class="diff-old">it's
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">its
</ins>
entries
with
<em>
element
</em>
's
entries.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
object
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
<code>
@context
</code>
property,
update
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
according
to
the
steps
outlined
in
<a href="#context-processing">
Context
Processing
</a>
and
remove
the
<code>
@context
</code>
property.
</li>
<li>
Then,
proceed
and
process
each
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
value
</em>
in
<em>
element
</em>
as
follows:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Remove
<em>
property
</em>
from
<em>
element
</em>,
expand
<em>
property
</em>
according
to
the
steps
outlined
in
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>.
Set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
original
un-expanded
<em>
property
</em>
if
<em>
property
</em>
is
not
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
does
not
expand
to
a
keyword
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="absolute_iri" href="#dfn-absolute_iri">
absolute
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>
(i.e.,
it
doesn't
contain
a
colon),
continue
with
the
next
property
from
<em>
element
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
and
<em>
property
</em>
is
not
<code>
@value
</code>,
continue
with
the
next
property
from
<em>
element
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@id
</code>
the
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>.
Expand
the
<em>
value
</em>
according
to
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@type
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
expand
according
to
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>,
the
expanded
value
is
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#iri-expansion">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Expansion
</a>
on
the
value
of
<code>
@id
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
Object
</a>,
it
must
be
empty
(used
for
<a href="#framing">
Framing
</a>
).
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
value
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
all
elements
must
be
either
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>.
Expand
<em>
value
</em>
for
each
of
<del class="diff-old">it's
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">its
</ins>
entries
using
the
previous
three
steps.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@value
</code>
or
<code>
@language
</code>
the
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
must
not
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
or
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@list
<del class="diff-old">,
@set
,
</del>
</code>
or
<code>
<del class="diff-old">@graph
,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@set
</ins></code>
expand
<em>
value
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
copies
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
<em>
active
property
</em>.
If
the
expanded
<em>
value
</em>
is
not
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
convert
it
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@list
</code>
and
any
entry
in
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
containing
an
<code>
@list
</code>
property,
throw
an
exception,
as
lists
of
lists
are
not
supported.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
expand
<em>
value
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
copies
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
not
a
keyword
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
<code>
@list
</code>
and
the
expanded
<em>
value
</em>
is
not
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
convert
<em>
value
</em>
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
with
an
<code>
@list
</code>
property
whose
value
is
set
to
<em>
value
</em>
(unless
<em>
value
</em>
is
already
in
that
form).
</li>
<li>
Convert
<em>
value
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
form
unless
<em>
value
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
or
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@id
</code>,
<code>
@type
</code>,
<code>
@value
</code>,
or
<code>
@language
</code>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
not
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
either
merge
<em>
value
</em>
into
an
existing
<em>
property
</em>
property
of
<em>
element
</em>
or
create
a
new
<em>
property
</em>
property
with
<em>
value
</em>
as
value.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
the
processed
<em>
element
</em>
has
an
<code>
@value
</code>
property
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
<em>
element
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must not">
must
not
</em>
have
more
than
one
other
property,
which
can
either
be
<code>
@language
</code>
or
<code>
@type
</code>
with
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>
value.
</li>
<li>
if
<del class="diff-old">@value
is
the
only
property
or
</del>
the
value
of
<code>
@value
</code>
equals
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
replace
<em>
element
</em>
with
the
value
of
<code>
@value
</code>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
has
an
<code>
@type
</code>
property
and
<del class="diff-old">it's
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">its
</ins>
value
is
not
in
the
form
of
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
convert
it
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
an
<code>
@set
</code>
or
<code>
@list
</code>
property,
it
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
the
only
property.
Set
<em>
element
</em>
to
the
value
of
<code>
@set
</code>
;
leave
<code>
@list
</code>
untouched.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
just
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property,
set
<em>
element
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
expand
<em>
element
</em>
according
to
the
<a href="#value-expansion">
Value
Expansion
</a>
rules,
passing
copies
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
<p>
If,
after
the
algorithm
outlined
above
is
run,
the
resulting
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
just
a
<code>
@graph
</code>
property,
<em>
element
</em>
is
set
to
the
value
of
<code>
@graph
</code>
's
value.
Finally,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
it
is
wrapped
into
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="compaction" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#compaction" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.10
</span>
Compaction
</h3>
<p>
Compaction
is
the
process
of
taking
a
JSON-LD
document
and
applying
a
context
such
that
the
most
compact
form
of
the
document
is
generated.
JSON
is
typically
expressed
in
a
very
compact,
key-value
format.
That
is,
full
IRIs
are
rarely
used
as
keys.
At
times,
a
JSON-LD
document
may
be
received
that
is
not
in
its
most
compact
form.
JSON-LD,
via
the
API,
provides
a
way
to
compact
a
JSON-LD
document.
</p>
<p>
For
example,
assume
the
following
JSON-LD
input
document:
</p>
<pre class="example">{
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
  &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;: {
    &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
  }
}
</pre>
<p>
Additionally,
assume
the
following
developer-supplied
JSON-LD
context:
</p>
<pre class="example">{
  &quot;@context&quot;: {
    &quot;name&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;,
    &quot;homepage&quot;: {
      &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;,
      &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;@id&quot;
    }
  }
}
</pre>
<p>
Running
the
JSON-LD
Compaction
algorithm
given
the
context
supplied
above
against
the
JSON-LD
input
document
provided
above
would
result
in
the
following
output:
</p>
<pre class="example">{
  &quot;@context&quot;: {
    &quot;name&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;,
    &quot;homepage&quot;: {
      &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage&quot;,
      &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;@id&quot;
    }
  },
  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;,
  &quot;homepage&quot;: &quot;http://manu.sporny.org/&quot;
}
</pre>
<p>
The
compaction
algorithm
also
enables
the
developer
to
map
any
expanded
format
into
an
application-specific
compacted
format.
While
the
context
provided
above
mapped
<code>
http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name
</code>
to
<strong>
name
</strong>,
it
could
have
also
mapped
it
to
any
arbitrary
string
provided
by
the
developer.
</p>
<div id="compaction-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#compaction-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.10.1
</span>
Compaction
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
The
algorithm
takes
three
input
variables:
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>,
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
and
an
<em>
element
</em>
to
be
compacted.
To
begin,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
is
set
to
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#context-processing">
Context
Processing
</a>
on
the
passed
<em>
context
</em>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
and
<em>
element
</em>
is
set
to
the
result
of
performing
the
<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
Expansion
Algorithm
</a>
on
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</a>.
This
removes
any
existing
context
to
allow
the
given
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
to
be
cleanly
applied.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
process
each
entry
in
<em>
element
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
a
copy
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
single
item,
the
compacted
value
is
that
item;
otherwise
the
compacted
value
is
<em>
element
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
object:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
an
<code>
@value
</code>
property
or
element
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>,
return
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#value-compaction">
Value
Compaction
</a>
on
<em>
element
</em>
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
mapping
to
<code>
@list
</code>
and
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
corresponding
<code>
@list
</code>
property,
recursively
compact
that
property's
value
passing
a
copy
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
ensuring
that
the
result
is
an
array
and
removing
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
values.
Return
either
the
result
as
an
array,
as
an
object
with
a
key
of
<code>
@list
</code>
(or
appropriate
alias
from
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
).
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
construct
<em>
output
</em>
as
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
used
for
returning
the
result
of
compacting
<em>
element
</em>.
For
each
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
value
</em>
in
<em>
element:
</em>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@id
</code>
or
<code>
@type
</code>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
on
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
the
compacted
<em>
value
</em>
is
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
on
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
Perform
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
on
every
entry
of
<em>
value
</em>.
If
<em>
value
</em>
contains
just
one
entry,
<em>
value
</em>
is
set
to
that
entry.
</li>
<li>
Add
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
the
expanded
<em>
value
</em>
to
<em>
output
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<em>
value
</em>
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
value
</em>
is
empty:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
on
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Create
an
entry
in
<em>
output
</em>
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
item
</em>
in
<em>
value
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
result
of
performing
<a href="#iri-compaction">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
Compaction
</a>
for
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
item
</em>
using
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Compact
<em>
item
</em>
by
recursively
performing
this
algorithm
passing
a
copy
of
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_context" href="#dfn-active_context">
active
context
</a>
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
an
entry
already
exists
in
<em>
output
</em>
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
convert
it
to
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
if
necessary,
and
append
the
compacted
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
the
compacted
<em>
value
</em>
is
not
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
has
a
<code>
@container
</code>
mapping
to
<code>
@set
</code>,
create
an
entry
in
<em>
output
</em>
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<em>
value
</em>
as
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
create
an
entry
in
<em>
output
</em>
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<em>
value
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
return
<em>
element
</em>
as
the
compacted
<em>
element
</em>.
<div class="issue">
Perhaps
this
should
also
call
<a href="#value-compaction">
Value
Compaction
</a>
on
native
types
and
strings,
which
could
consolodate
potential
transformation
in
one
place.
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
If,
after
the
algorithm
outlined
above
is
run,
the
resulting
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
put
<em>
element
</em>
into
the
<code>
@graph
</code>
property
of
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
and
then
set
<em>
element
</em>
to
that
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>.
Finally,
add
a
<code>
@context
</code>
property
to
<em>
element
</em>
and
set
it
to
the
initially
passed
<em>
context
</em>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="framing" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#framing" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
3.11
</span>
Framing
</h3>
<p>
JSON-LD
Framing
allows
developers
to
query
by
example
and
force
a
specific
tree
layout
to
a
JSON-LD
document.
</p>
<p>
A
JSON-LD
document
is
a
representation
of
a
directed
graph.
A
single
directed
graph
can
have
many
different
serializations,
each
expressing
exactly
the
same
information.
Developers
typically
work
with
trees,
represented
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
s.
While
mapping
a
graph
to
a
tree
can
be
done,
the
layout
of
the
end
result
must
be
specified
in
advance.
A
<dfn title="frame" id="dfn-frame">
Frame
</dfn>
can
be
used
by
a
developer
on
a
JSON-LD
document
to
specify
a
deterministic
layout
for
a
graph.
</p>
<p>
Framing
is
the
process
of
taking
a
JSON-LD
document,
which
expresses
a
graph
of
information,
and
applying
a
specific
graph
layout
(called
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">
Frame
</a>
).
</p>
<p>
Framing
makes
use
of
the
<a href="#subject-map-generation">
Subject
<del class="diff-old">Flattening
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Map
Generation
</ins>
</a>
algorithm
to
place
each
object
defined
in
the
JSON-LD
document
into
a
flat
list
of
objects,
allowing
them
to
be
operated
upon
by
the
framing
algorithm.
</p>
<div id="framing-algorithm-terms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#framing-algorithm-terms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.11.1
</span>
Framing
Algorithm
Terms
</h4>
<dl>
<dt>
<dfn title="input_frame" id="dfn-input_frame">
input
frame
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
the
initial
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="frame" href="#dfn-frame">
frame
</a>
provided
to
the
framing
algorithm.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="framing_context" id="dfn-framing_context">
framing
context
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
context
containing
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
object
embed
flag
</a>,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
explicit
inclusion
flag
</a>
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
omit
default
flag
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="map_of_embeds" id="dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
map
that
tracks
if
a
subject
is
to
be
embedded
in
the
output
of
the
<a href="#framing-algorithm">
Framing
Algorithm
</a>
;
it
maps
a
subject
<code>
@id
</code>
to
a
parent
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
and
property
or
parent
array.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="object_embed_flag" id="dfn-object_embed_flag">
object
embed
flag
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
flag
specifying
that
objects
should
be
directly
embedded
in
the
output,
instead
of
being
referred
to
by
their
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="explicit_inclusion_flag" id="dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
explicit
inclusion
flag
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
flag
specifying
that
for
properties
to
be
included
in
the
output,
they
must
be
explicitly
declared
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
framing
context
</a>.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="omit_default_flag" id="dfn-omit_default_flag">
omit
default
flag
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
flag
specifying
that
properties
that
are
missing
from
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</a>,
but
present
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
input
frame
</a>
should
be
omitted
from
the
output.
</dd>
<dt>
<dfn title="map_of_flattened_subjects" id="dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
map
of
flattened
subjects
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
a
map
of
subjects
that
is
the
result
of
the
<a href="#subject-map-generation">
Subject
<del class="diff-old">Flattening
Algorithm
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Map
Generation
algorithm
</ins>
</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="framing-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#framing-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.11.2
</span>
Framing
Algorithm
</h4>
<p class="issue">
This
algorithm
is
a
work
in
progress.
Presently,
it
only
works
for
documents
without
named
graphs.
</p>
<p>
The
framing
algorithm
takes
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</a>
(
<strong>
expanded
input
</strong>
)
and
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
input
frame
</a>
(
<strong>
expanded
frame
</strong>
)
that
have
been
expanded
according
to
the
<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
Expansion
Algorithm
</a>,
and
a
number
of
options
and
produces
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
JSON-LD
output
</a>.
</p>
<p>
Create
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
framing
context
</a>
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
for
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
object
embed
flag
</a>
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
true
</a>,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
explicit
inclusion
flag
</a>
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
false
</a>,
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
omit
default
flag
</a>
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
false
</a>
along
with
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
map
of
flattened
subjects
</a>
set
to
the
<code>
<ins class="diff-new">@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
property
of
the
</ins>
result
of
performing
<ins class="diff-chg">the
</ins><a href="#subject-map-generation">
Subject
<del class="diff-old">Flattening
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Map
Generation
</ins>
</a>
<ins class="diff-new">algorithm
</ins>
on
<strong>
expanded
input
</strong>.
Also
create
<em>
results
</em>
as
an
empty
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
</p>
<p>
Invoke
the
recursive
algorithm
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
framing
context
</a>
(
<em>
state
</em>
),
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
map
of
flattened
subjects
</a>
(
<em>
subjects
</em>
),
<strong>
expanded
frame
</strong>
(
<em>
frame
</em>
),
<em>
result
</em>
as
<em>
parent
</em>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</p>
<p>
The
following
series
of
steps
is
the
recursive
portion
of
the
framing
algorithm:
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Validate
<em>
frame
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Create
a
set
of
matched
subjects
by
filtering
<em>
subjects
</em>
checking
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
map
of
flattened
subjects
</a>
against
<em>
frame
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
frame
</em>
has
a
<code>
@type
</code>
property
containing
one
or
more
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
IRIs
</a>
match
any
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
with
a
<code>
@type
</code>
property
including
any
of
those
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
IRIs
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
frame
</em>
has
a
<code>
@type
</code>
property
only
a
empty
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
matches
any
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
with
a
<code>
@type
</code>
property,
regardless
of
the
actual
values.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
match
if
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
contains
all
of
the
non-
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>
properties
in
<em>
frame
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Get
values
for
<em>
embedOn
</em>
and
<em>
explicitOn
</em>
by
looking
in
<em>
frame
</em>
for
the
keys
<code>
@embed
</code>
and
<code>
@explicit
</code>
using
the
current
values
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object_embed_flag" href="#dfn-object_embed_flag">
object
embed
flag
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="explicit_inclusion_flag" href="#dfn-explicit_inclusion_flag">
explicit
inclusion
flag
</a>
from
<em>
state
</em>
if
not
found.
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
id
</em>
and
<em>
subject
</em>
from
the
set
of
matched
subjects,
ordered
by
<em>
id
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>
in
<em>
state
</em>
to
an
empty
map.
</li>
<li>
Initialize
<em>
output
</em>
with
<code>
@id
</code>
and
<em>
id
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Initialize
<em>
embed
</em>
with
<em>
parent
</em>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
embedOn
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
true
</a>,
and
<em>
id
</em>
is
in
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>
from
<em>
state
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<em>
existing
</em>
to
the
value
of
<em>
id
</em>
in
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>
and
set
<em>
embedOn
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
false
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
existing
</em>
has
a
<em>
parent
</em>
which
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
containing
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
<code>
@id
</code>
equal
to
<em>
id
</em>,
<em>
element
</em>
has
already
been
embedded
and
can
be
overwritten,
so
set
<em>
embedOn
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
true
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<em>
existing
</em>
has
a
<em>
parent
</em>
which
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>.
Set
<em>
embedOn
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
true
</a>
if
any
of
the
items
in
<em>
parent
</em>
<em>
property
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
or
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>
for
<em>
id
</em>
because
the
embed
can
be
overwritten.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
embedOn
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
true
</a>,
<em>
existing
</em>
is
already
embedded
but
can
be
overwritten,
so
<a href="#remove-embed">
Remove
Embedded
Definition
</a>
for
<em>
id
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
embedOn
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
false
</a>,
add
<em>
output
</em>
to
<em>
parent
</em>
by
either
appending
to
<em>
parent
</em>
if
it
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
or
appending
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
in
<em>
parent
</em>
otherwise.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Add
<em>
embed
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>
for
<em>
id
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Process
each
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
value
</em>
in
the
matched
<em>
subject
</em>,
ordered
by
<em>
property
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>,
add
<em>
property
</em>
and
a
copy
of
<em>
value
</em>
to
<em>
output
</em>
and
continue
with
the
next
property
from
<em>
subject
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
not
in
<em>
frame
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
explicitOn
</em>
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="false" href="#dfn-false">
false
</a>,
<a href="#embed-values">
Embed
values
</a>
from
<em>
subject
</em>
in
<em>
output
</em>
using
<em>
subject
</em>
as
<em>
element
</em>
and
<em>
property
</em>
as
<em>
active
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Continue
to
next
property.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li id="frm-process-prop-item">
Process
each
<em>
item
</em>
from
<em>
value
</em>
as
follows:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
item
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
the
key
<code>
@list
</code>,
then
create
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
named
<em>
list
</em>
with
the
key
<code>
@list
</code>
and
the
value
of
an
empty
array.
Append
<em>
list
</em>
to
<em>
property
</em>
in
<em>
output
</em>.
Process
each
<em>
listitem
</em>
in
the
<code>
@list
</code>
array
as
follows:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
listitem
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>
process
<em>
listitem
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm
passing
a
new
map
of
<em>
subjects
</em>
that
contains
the
<code>
@id
</code>
of
<em>
listitem
</em>
as
the
key
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
from
the
original
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
map
of
flattened
subjects
</a>
as
the
value.
Pass
the
first
value
from
<em>
frame
</em>
for
<em>
property
</em>
as
<em>
frame
</em>,
<em>
list
</em>
as
<em>
parent
</em>,
and
<code>
@list
</code>
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
append
a
copy
of
<em>
listitem
</em>
to
<code>
@list
</code>
in
<em>
list
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
item
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>
process
<em>
item
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm
passing
a
new
map
as
<em>
subjects
</em>
that
contains
the
<code>
@id
</code>
of
<em>
item
</em>
as
the
key
and
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
from
the
original
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
map
of
flattened
subjects
</a>
as
the
value.
Pass
the
first
value
from
<em>
frame
</em>
for
<em>
property
</em>
as
<em>
frame
</em>,
<em>
output
</em>
as
<em>
parent
</em>,
and
<em>
property
</em>
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
<div class="issue">
Passing
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>
doesn't
work
if
this
map
is
used
recursively.
Presently
pass
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
from
original
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_flattened_subjects" href="#dfn-map_of_flattened_subjects">
map
of
flattened
subjects
</a>.
</div>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
append
a
copy
of
<em>
item
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
in
<em>
output
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Process
each
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
value
</em>
in
<em>
frame
</em>,
where
<em>
property
</em>
is
not
a
<em>
keyword
</em>,
ordered
by
<em>
property
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<em>
property
frame
</em>
to
the
first
item
in
<em>
value
</em>
or
a
newly
created
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
if
<em>
value
</em>
is
empty.
</li>
<li>
Skip
to
the
next
property
in
<em>
frame
</em>
if
<em>
property
</em>
is
in
<em>
output
</em>
or
if
<em>
property
frame
</em>
contains
<code>
@omitDefault
</code>
which
is
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
true
</a>
or
if
it
does
not
contain
<code>
@omitDefault
</code>
but
the
value
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="omit_default_flag" href="#dfn-omit_default_flag">
omit
default
flag
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true">
true
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Set
the
value
of
<em>
property
</em>
in
<em>
output
</em>
to
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
a
property
<code>
@preserve
</code>
and
a
value
that
is
a
copy
of
the
value
of
<code>
@default
</code>
in
<em>
frame
</em>
if
it
exists,
or
the
string
<code>
@null
</code>
otherwise.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Add
<em>
output
</em>
to
<em>
parent
</em>.
If
<em>
parent
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
append
<em>
output
</em>,
otherwise
append
<em>
output
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
in
<em>
parent
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>
At
the
completion
of
the
recursive
algorithm,
<em>
results
</em>
will
contain
the
top-level
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
s.
</p>
<p>
The
final
two
steps
of
the
framing
algorithm
require
<em>
results
</em>
to
be
compacted
according
to
the
<a href="#compaction-algorithm">
Compaction
Algorithm
</a>
by
using
the
context
provided
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="input_frame" href="#dfn-input_frame">
input
frame
</a>.
If
the
frame
has
no
context,
compaction
is
performed
with
an
empty
context
(not
a
null
context).
The
compaction
result
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
use
the
<code>
@graph
</code>
keyword
at
the
top-level,
even
if
the
context
is
empty
or
if
there
is
only
one
element
to
put
in
the
<code>
@graph
</code>
array.
Subsequently,
replace
all
key-value
pairs
where
the
key
is
<code>
@preserve
</code>
with
the
value
from
the
key-pair.
If
the
value
from
the
key-pair
is
<code>
@null
</code>,
replace
the
value
with
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>.
If,
after
replacement,
an
array
contains
only
the
value
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>
remove
the
value,
leaving
an
empty
array.
The
resulting
value
is
the
final
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_output" href="#dfn-json-ld_output">
JSON-LD
output
</a>.
</p>
<p class="issue">
The
algorithm
needs
to
be
updated
to
consider
<code>
@graph
</code>.
<del class="diff-old">For
1.0,
this
might
not
require
anything,
as
the
default
implementation
of
Subject
Flattening
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">See
</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/118"><ins class="diff-chg">
ISSUE-118
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">should
flatten
everything
into
a
single
graph.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">for
details.
</ins>
</p>
</div>
<div id="subject-map-generation" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#subject-map-generation" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.11.3
</span>
Subject
<del class="diff-old">Flattening
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Map
Generation
</ins>
</h4>
<p>
<ins class="diff-new">The
</ins>
Subject
<del class="diff-old">Flattening
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Map
Generation
algorithm
</ins>
takes
as
input
an
expanded
JSON-LD
<del class="diff-old">document,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">document
</ins>
and
results
in
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">subjects
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">subjectMap
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">with
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">holding
</ins>
a
<del class="diff-old">mapping
from
each
object
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">flat
representation
of
the
graphs
and
nodes
</ins>
represented
in
the
<del class="diff-old">document
to
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">document.
All
nodes
that
are
not
uniquely
identified
by
an
</ins><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr><ins class="diff-chg">
get
assigned
</ins>
a
<del class="diff-old">single
entry
within
the
input
document,
assigning
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">(new)
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>
<del class="diff-old">identifiers
to
objects
without
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">identifier.
The
resulting
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
subjectMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
document
will
have
</ins>
a
<del class="diff-old">@id,
or
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property
for
every
graph
in
the
document
whose
value
is
another
object
</ins>
with
<del class="diff-old">an
@id
that
references
</del>
a
<del class="diff-old">blank
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property
for
every
</ins>
node
<del class="diff-old">identifier.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">represented
in
the
document.
While
the
default
graph
is
stored
under
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@default
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
property
and
the
merged
graph
under
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
property,
all
other
graphs
are
stored
under
their
respective
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRIs
</ins></a>.
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
<del class="diff-old">operates
on
the
initially
empty
subjects
and
</del>
takes
as
input
the
<del class="diff-old">current
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">expanded
JSON-LD
</ins>
document
<ins class="diff-new">as
</ins>
<em>
element
</em>,
<ins class="diff-new">the
initially
empty
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
subjectMap
</ins></em>,<code><ins class="diff-new">
@default
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
as
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
and
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
null
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
as
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
list
</ins>
</em>.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
array,
process
each
entry
in
<em>
element
</em>
recursively,
using
this
<del class="diff-old">algorithm.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
and
return.
</ins>
</li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
if
element
is
a
JSON
object:
</del>
If
<em>
element
</em>
is
<ins class="diff-new">not
</ins>
a
<del class="diff-old">subject
definition
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
object
</ins>
</a>
or
<del class="diff-old">subject
reference
:
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">if
it
has
a
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@value
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
property,
then
if
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
append
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
return.
</ins></li>
<li>
If
the
<del class="diff-old">property
</del>
<code>
@id
</code>
<ins class="diff-chg">property
exists
and
</ins>
is
<del class="diff-old">not
</del>
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">return
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">set
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
its
value,
otherwise
set
it
to
</ins>
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>
identifer
<del class="diff-old">using
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">created
by
the
</ins>
<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
Generate
Blank
Node
Identifier
</a>
<del class="diff-old">as
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">name
,
otherwise
use
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
append
a
new
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
subject
reference
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
using
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
at
</ins>
the
value
<del class="diff-old">of
the
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">for
</ins><code>
@id
<del class="diff-old">property
as
name
.
</del>
</code>.
</li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">Unless
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Let
</ins>
<em>
subjects
</em>
<del class="diff-old">as
an
entry
for
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">be
the
value
in
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">name
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">subjectMap
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">create
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">where
the
key
is
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
;
if
no
such
value
exists,
insert
</ins>
a
new
<del class="diff-old">entry
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
<ins class="diff-chg">JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
for
the
key
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>.<ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
</ins>
in
<em>
subjects
<del class="diff-old">initialized
using
</del>
</em>,
<ins class="diff-chg">create
</ins>
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
<em>
<ins class="diff-new">subject
</ins></em>
with
<del class="diff-old">@id
set
to
</del>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">name
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">id
</ins>
</em>
as
<ins class="diff-new">the
value
for
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@id
</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-new">
Let
</ins>
<em>
subject
<del class="diff-old">.
Otherwise,
use
that
existing
entrpy
as
</del>
</em>
<ins class="diff-chg">be
the
value
of
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
subjects
</ins>
</em>.
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
property
</em>
<ins class="diff-new">that
is
not
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@id
</ins></code>
and
<ins class="diff-new">each
</ins>
<em>
value
</em>
in
<em>
element
</em>
<del class="diff-old">other
than
@id
:
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">ordered
by
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
<ins class="diff-new">@graph
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
recursively
call
this
algorithm
passing
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
element
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-new">
subjectMap
</ins></em>,<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-new">
null
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
list
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
and
if
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
use
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
otherwise
use
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
id
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
and
then
continue.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-new">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
property
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
is
not
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
and
is
</ins>
a
keyword,
<del class="diff-old">copy
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">merge
</ins>
<code>
property
</code>
and
<code>
value
</code>
<del class="diff-old">to
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">into
</ins>
<code>
subject
<del class="diff-old">.
</del>
</code>
<ins class="diff-chg">and
then
continue.
</ins>
</li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
if
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">For
each
value
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
in
the
array
</ins><em>
value
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
<ins class="diff-new">If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
v
</ins></em>
is
a
<del class="diff-old">JSON
object
,
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
<ins class="diff-chg">subject
definition
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
or
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
subject
reference
</ins></a>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
the
property
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@id
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
is
not
an
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
IRI
</ins></abbr></a><ins class="diff-chg">
or
</ins>
it
<del class="diff-old">must
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">does
not
exist,
map
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">only
have
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">to
a
</ins><a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier"><ins class="diff-chg">
new
blank
node
identifier
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
to
avoid
collisions.
If
one
does
not
already
exist,
add
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference"><ins class="diff-chg">
subject
reference
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
into
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
subject
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Recursively
call
this
algorithm
passing
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
value
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
subjectMap
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null"><ins class="diff-chg">
null
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
list
</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Otherwise
if
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
has
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">key
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property
</ins>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">@list.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@list
</ins>
</code>
<ins class="diff-new">then
recursively
call
this
algorithm
with
the
value
of
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@list
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
as
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
element
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-new">
subjectMap
</ins></em>,<em><ins class="diff-new">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
and
a
new
array
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
flattenedList
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
as
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
list
</ins></em>.
Create
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
<del class="diff-old">containing
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">with
the
property
</ins>
<code>
@list
</code>
<del class="diff-old">and
an
array
created
by
performing
this
algorithm
recursively
on
each
item
in
the
list
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">set
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
flattenedList
</ins></em>
and
add
<ins class="diff-new">it
</ins>
to
<em>
subject
</em>
<del class="diff-old">along
with
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">for
</ins>
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<del class="diff-old">value
must
be
an
array
.
Add
property
to
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">if
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property
</ins>
</em>
<ins class="diff-new">is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@type
</ins></code>
and
<em>
<ins class="diff-new">v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
is
not
</ins>
an
<del class="diff-old">array
value
created
by
performing
this
algorithm
recursively
on
each
item
in
the
array.
Return
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr></a>,<ins class="diff-chg">
generate
</ins>
a
<a href="#generate-blank-node-identifier">
new
<del class="diff-old">JSON
object
created
as
a
subject
reference
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">blank
node
identifier
</ins>
</a>
<ins class="diff-new">and
add
it
</ins>
to
<em>
<del class="diff-old">name
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">subject
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins>
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<del class="diff-old">return
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">add
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">element
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">v
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
subject
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins>
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<del class="diff-old">Otherwise,
return
element
.
</del>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<del class="diff-old">The
</del>
<p>
<ins class="diff-chg">After
the
above
outlined
</ins>
algorithm
<del class="diff-old">states
to
set
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">has
been
executed,
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">property
in
</del>
subject
<del class="diff-old">using
the
mapped
values,
but
it
really
should
merge,
if
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">map
for
all
graphs
including
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">property
already
exists
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">default
graph
are
contained
</ins>
in
<em>
<del class="diff-old">subject
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">subjectMap
</ins>
</em>.
<del class="diff-old">The
algorithm
should
descend
into
@graph
and
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">To
also
</ins>
create
<del class="diff-old">a
parallel
flattened
structure
of
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">the
</ins>
subject
<del class="diff-old">to
object
within
that
@graph
representation.
Recursive
@graph
definitions
are
also
flattened
into
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">map
for
the
merged
graph,
execute
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">default
graph.
The
</del>
algorithm
<del class="diff-old">should
also
take
an
option
which
descends
into
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">again,
but
pass
</ins>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">@graph
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">merged
</ins>
</code>
<del class="diff-old">and
flattens
all
definitions
at
the
same
level,
effectively
flatting
default
and
named
graphs
into
a
single
default
graph;
this
should
be
the
default
implementation
</del>
for
<del class="diff-old">1.0.
</del>
<em>
<ins class="diff-chg">graph
</ins></em>.
</p>
</div>
<div id="remove-embed" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#remove-embed" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.11.4
</span>
Remove
Embedded
Definition
</h4>
<p>
This
algorithm
replaces
an
already
embedded
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
with
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>.
It
then
recursively
removes
any
entries
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>
that
had
the
removed
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
in
their
parent
chain.
</p>
<div class="issue">
About
as
clear
as
mud
</div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
is
invoked
with
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
framing
context
</a>
and
subject
id
<em>
id
</em>.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Find
<em>
embed
</em>
from
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>
for
<em>
id
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Let
<em>
parent
</em>
and
<em>
property
</em>
be
from
<em>
embed
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
parent
</em>
is
an
array,
replace
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
that
matches
<em>
id
</em>
with
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>.
If
parent
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
replace
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
for
<em>
property
</em>
that
matches
<em>
id
</em>
with
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Remove
dependents
for
<em>
id
</em>
in
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>
by
scanning
the
map
for
entries
with
<em>
parent
</em>
that
have
an
<code>
@id
</code>
of
<em>
id
</em>,
removing
that
definition
from
the
map,
and
then
removing
the
dependents
for
the
<em>
parent
</em>
id
recursively
by
repeating
this
step.
This
step
will
terminate
when
there
are
no
more
embed
entries
containing
the
removed
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
's
<code>
@id
</code>
in
their
parent
chain.
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="embed-values" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#embed-values" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
3.11.5
</span>
Embed
Values
</h4>
<p>
This
algorithm
recursively
embeds
property
values
in
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
<em>
output
</em>,
given
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="framing_context" href="#dfn-framing_context">
framing
context
</a>,
input
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
<em>
element
</em>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
and
<em>
output
</em>.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
For
each
<em>
item
</em>
in
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
of
<em>
element
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
item
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
the
key
<code>
@list
</code>,
then
create
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
a
key
<code>
@list
</code>
and
a
value
of
an
empty
array
and
add
it
to
<em>
output
</em>,
appending
if
<em>
output
</em>
is
an
array,
and
appending
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
otherwise.
Recursively
call
this
algorithm
passing
<em>
item
</em>
as
<em>
element
</em>,
<code>
@list
</code>
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
and
the
new
array
as
<em>
output
</em>.
Continue
to
the
next
<em>
item
</em>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
item
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_reference" href="#dfn-subject_reference">
subject
reference
</a>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>
does
not
contain
an
entry
for
the
<code>
@id
</code>
of
<em>
item
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Initialize
<em>
embed
</em>
with
<em>
output
</em>
as
<em>
parent
</em>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
as
<em>
property
</em>
and
add
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="map_of_embeds" href="#dfn-map_of_embeds">
map
of
embeds
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Initialize
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>
<em>
o
</em>
to
act
as
the
embedded
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject_definition" href="#dfn-subject_definition">
subject
definition
</a>.
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
value
</em>
in
the
expanded
definition
for
<em>
item
</em>
in
<em>
subjects
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Add
<em>
property
</em>
and
a
copy
of
<em>
value
</em>
to
<em>
o
</em>
if
<em>
property
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
recursively
call
this
algorithm
passing
<em>
value
</em>
as
<em>
element
</em>,
<em>
property
</em>
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<em>
o
</em>
as
<em>
output
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Set
<em>
item
</em>
to
<em>
o
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
output
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
append
a
copy
of
<em>
item
</em>,
otherwise
append
a
copy
of
<em>
item
</em>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
in
<em>
output
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<div id="flattening" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#flattening" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">4.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.12
</ins>
</span>
<del class="diff-old">Data
Round
Tripping
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Flattening
</ins></h3>
<p>
<del class="diff-old">When
coercing
numbers
to
xsd:integer
or
xsd:double
as
it,
e.g.,
happens
during
RDF
Conversion
,
implementers
must
ensure
that
the
result
is
a
canonical
lexical
representation
in
the
form
of
a
string
.
A
canonical
lexical
representation
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Flattening
</ins>
is
<del class="diff-old">a
set
of
literals
from
among
</del>
the
<del class="diff-old">valid
set
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">process
</ins>
of
<del class="diff-old">literals
for
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">taking
</ins>
a
<del class="diff-old">datatype
such
that
there
is
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
document,
</ins><a href="#expansion"><ins class="diff-chg">
expanding
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
it,
labeling
all
unlabeled
nodes
with
</ins>
a
<del class="diff-old">one-to-one
mapping
between
the
canonical
lexical
representation
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
<ins class="diff-chg">blank
node
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
identifier,
</ins>
and
<del class="diff-old">a
value
in
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">returning
an
array
of
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">value
space
as
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">nodes
</ins>
defined
in
<del class="diff-old">[
XMLSCHEMA-2
].
In
other
words,
every
value
must
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">the
document.
</ins></p><p class="issue"><ins class="diff-chg">
It
is
still
being
discussed
if
the
flatten()
method
should
</ins>
be
<del class="diff-old">converted
to
a
deterministic
string
representation.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">added
or
not.
See
</ins><a href="https://github.com/json-ld/json-ld.org/issues/109"><ins class="diff-chg">
ISSUE-109
</ins></a>.
</p>
<p>
<del class="diff-old">The
canonical
lexical
representation
of
an
integer
,
i.e.,
a
number
without
fractions
or
a
number
coerced
to
xsd:integer
,
is
a
finite-length
sequence
of
decimal
digits
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">For
example,
assume
the
following
JSON-LD
input
document:
</ins></p><pre class="example">{<ins class="diff-chg">
  &quot;@context&quot;: {
    &quot;name&quot;: &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;,
    &quot;knows&quot;: &quot;foaf:knows&quot;
  },
  &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://example.com/markus&quot;,
  &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Markus Lanthaler&quot;,
  &quot;knows&quot;: {
    &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot;
  }
}
</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-chg">
Running
the
JSON-LD
Flattening
algorithm
for
the
merged
graph
</ins>
(
<code>
<del class="diff-old">0-9
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@merged
</ins>
</code>
)
<del class="diff-old">with
an
optional
leading
minus
sign;
leading
zeroes
are
prohibited.
To
convert
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">against
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">number
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD
input
document
provided
above
would
result
</ins>
in
<del class="diff-old">JavaScript,
implementers
can
use
</del>
the
following
<del class="diff-old">snippet
of
code:
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">output:
</ins>
</p>
<del class="diff-old">(value).toFixed(0).toString()
</del>
<pre class="example">[
<ins class="diff-chg">  {
    &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://example.com/markus&quot;,
    &quot;foaf:knows&quot;: [ { &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;_:t0&quot; }
    ],
    &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [ { &quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Markus Lanthaler&quot; } ]
  },
  {
    &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;_:t0&quot;,
    &quot;http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name&quot;: [ { &quot;@value&quot;: &quot;Manu Sporny&quot; } ]
  }
]
</ins>
</pre>
<div id="flattening-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#flattening-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<ins class="diff-new">3.12.1
</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
Flattening
Algorithm
</ins></h4>
<p>
The
<del class="diff-old">canonical
lexical
representation
of
a
double
,
i.e.,
a
number
with
fractions
or
a
number
coerced
to
xsd:double
,
consists
of
a
mantissa
followed
by
the
character
&quot;E&quot;,
followed
by
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">algorithm
takes
two
input
variables,
</ins>
an
<del class="diff-old">exponent.
The
mantissa
must
be
a
decimal
number.
The
exponent
must
</del>
<em>
<ins class="diff-chg">element
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">be
an
integer.
Leading
zeroes
and
a
preceding
plus
sign
(
+
)
are
prohibited
in
the
exponent.
If
the
exponent
is
zero,
it
must
be
indicated
by
E0
.
For
the
mantissa,
the
preceding
optional
plus
sign
is
prohibited
and
the
decimal
point
is
required.
Leading
and
trailing
zeroes
are
prohibited
subject
to
the
following:
number
representations
must
be
normalized
such
that
there
is
a
single
digit
which
is
non-zero
</del>
to
<del class="diff-old">the
left
of
the
decimal
point
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">flatten
</ins>
and
<del class="diff-old">at
least
a
single
digit
to
the
right
of
</del>
the
<del class="diff-old">decimal
point
unless
the
value
being
represented
is
zero.
The
canonical
representation
</del>
<em>
<ins class="diff-chg">graph
</ins></em>
for
<del class="diff-old">zero
is
0.0E0
.
To
convert
the
number
in
JavaScript,
implementers
can
use
the
following
snippet
of
code:
(value).toExponential().replace(/e\+?/,'E')
xsd:double
's
value
space
is
defined
by
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">which
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">IEEE
double-precision
64-bit
floating
point
type
[
IEEE-754-1985
].
When
data
such
as
decimals
need
to
be
normalized,
JSON-LD
authors
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">node
definitions
</ins>
should
<del class="diff-old">not
use
values
that
are
going
to
undergo
automatic
conversion.
This
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">be
returned.
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>
is
<del class="diff-old">due
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">not
set,
it
will
default
</ins>
to
<code>
<ins class="diff-new">@merged
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
which
represents
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">lossy
nature
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">result
</ins>
of
<del class="diff-old">xsd:double
values.
Authors
should
instead
use
the
expanded
object
form
to
set
the
canonical
lexical
representation
directly.
When
JSON-native
datatypes,
like
number
s,
are
type
coerced,
lossless
data
round-tripping
can
not
be
guaranted.
Consider
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">merging
all
graphs
including
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">following
code
example:
var myObj1 = {
               &quot;@context&quot;: {
                 &quot;number&quot;: {
                   &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://example.com/vocab#number&quot;,
                   
                 }
               },
               &quot;number&quot; : 
             };
// Convert the JSON-LD document to RDF; this converts 42 to a string
var jsonldText = jsonld.toRDF(myObj1, myRdfTripleCollector);
// Convert the RDF triples back to a JavaScript object
var
myObj2
=
jsonld.fromRDF(myRdfTripleCollector.getTriples());
At
this
point,
myObj1
and
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">default
graph
(
</ins>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">myObj2
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">@default
</ins>
</code>
<del class="diff-old">will
have
different
values
for
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">).
</ins></p><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Expand
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
element
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
according
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">&quot;number&quot;
property.
myObj1
will
have
</del>
<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
<ins class="diff-chg">Expansion
Algorithm
</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Generate
a
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
subjectMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
according
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">number
42
,
while
myObj2
have
</del>
<a href="#subject-map-generation">
<ins class="diff-chg">Subject
Map
Generation
Algorithm
</ins></a>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Initialize
</ins>
an
<del class="diff-old">object
consisting
of
@value
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">empty
array
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
result
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
subjectMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
has
no
property
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graph
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
return
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
result
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
otherwise
</ins>
set
<em>
<ins class="diff-new">definitions
</ins></em>
to
<del class="diff-old">the
string
&quot;42&quot;
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">its
value.
</ins></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Foreach
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em>
and
<del class="diff-old">@type
set
to
the
expanded
</del>
<em>
value
</em>
<ins class="diff-new">of
</ins>
of
<em>
<del class="diff-old">xsd:nonNegativeInteger
.
Some
JSON
serializers,
such
as
PHP's
native
implementation
in
some
versions,
backslash-escape
the
forward
slash
character.
For
example,
the
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">definitions
</ins></em>:<ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Add
</ins><em>
value
<del class="diff-old">http://example.com/
would
be
serialized
as
http:\/\/example.com\/
.
This
is
problematic
as
other
JSON
parsers
might
not
understand
those
escaping
characters.
There
is
no
need
to
backslash-escape
forward
slashes
in
JSON-LD.
To
aid
interoperability
between
JSON-LD
processors,
a
JSON-LD
serializer
must
not
</del>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">backslash-escape
forward
slashes.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">to
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
result
</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Return
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
result
</ins></em>.</li></ol>
</div>
</div>
<div id="rdf-conversion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#rdf-conversion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13
</ins>
</span>
RDF
Conversion
</h3>
<p>
A
JSON-LD
document
<em class="rfc2119" title="may">
may
</em>
be
converted
between
other
RDF-compatible
document
formats
using
the
algorithms
specified
in
this
section.
</p>
<p>
The
JSON-LD
Processing
Model
describes
processing
rules
for
extracting
RDF
from
a
JSON-LD
document,
and
for
transforming
an
array
of
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
retrieved
by
processing
another
serialization
format
into
JSON-LD.
Note
that
many
uses
of
JSON-LD
may
not
require
generation
of
RDF.
</p>
<p>
The
processing
algorithms
described
in
this
section
are
provided
in
order
to
demonstrate
how
one
might
implement
a
JSON-LD
to
RDF
processor.
Conformant
implementations
are
only
required
to
produce
the
same
type
and
number
of
<del class="diff-old">statements
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quads
</ins>
during
the
output
process
and
are
not
required
to
implement
the
algorithm
exactly
as
described.
</p>
<div class="informative section" id="overview" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#overview" rel="bibo:chapter">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.1
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.1
</ins>
</span>
Overview
</h4>
<p>
<em>
This
section
is
non-normative.
</em>
</p>
<p>
JSON-LD
is
intended
to
have
an
easy
to
parse
grammar
that
closely
models
existing
practice
in
using
JSON
for
describing
object
representations.
This
allows
the
use
of
existing
libraries
for
parsing
JSON.
</p>
<p>
As
with
other
grammars
used
for
describing
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="linked_data" href="#dfn-linked_data">
Linked
Data
</a>,
a
key
concept
is
that
of
a
<dfn title="resource" id="dfn-resource">
resource
</dfn>.
Resources
may
be
of
three
basic
types:
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">NamedNode
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr>
</code>
</a>,
representing
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="iri" href="#dfn-iri">
IRIs
</a>
for
describing
externally
named
entities,
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>,
resources
for
which
an
external
name
does
not
exist,
or
is
not
known,
and
<a class="datatype idlType" title="Literal" href="#idl-def-Literal">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">LiteralNode
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Literal
</ins>
</code>
</a>,
which
describe
terminal
entities
such
as
strings,
dates
and
other
representations
having
a
lexical
representation
possibly
including
an
explicit
language
or
datatype.
</p>
<p>
<del class="diff-old">An
Internationalized
Resource
Identifier
(
IRI
),
as
described
in
[
RFC3987
],
is
a
mechanism
for
representing
unique
identifiers
on
the
web.
In
Linked
Data
,
an
IRI
is
commonly
used
for
expressing
a
subject
,
a
property
or
an
object
.
</del>
Data
described
with
JSON-LD
may
be
considered
to
be
the
representation
of
a
graph
made
up
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="subject" href="#dfn-subject">
subject
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="object" href="#dfn-object">
object
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">
resource
</a>
s
related
via
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="property" href="#dfn-property">
property
</a>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="resource" href="#dfn-resource">
resource
</a>.
However,
specific
implementations
may
choose
to
operate
on
the
document
as
a
normal
JSON
description
of
objects
having
attributes.
</p>
</div>
<div id="rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#rdf-conversion-algorithm-terms" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.2
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.2
</ins>
</span>
RDF
Conversion
Algorithm
Terms
</h4>
<dl>
<dt>
<dfn title="graph_name" id="dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</dfn>
</dt>
<dd>
A
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</code>
</a>
or
<del class="diff-old">Blank
Node
</del>
<a class="datatype idlType" title="BlankNode" href="#idl-def-BlankNode">
<code>
<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNode
</ins></code>
</a>
used
to
identify
<del class="diff-old">statements
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quads
</ins>
belonging
to
a
<em>
named
graph
</em>.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="convert-to-rdf-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#convert-to-rdf-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.3
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.3
</ins>
</span>
Convert
to
RDF
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
The
algorithm
below
is
designed
for
in-memory
implementations
with
random
access
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
elements.
</p>
<p>
A
conforming
JSON-LD
processor
implementing
RDF
conversion
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
implement
a
processing
algorithm
that
results
in
the
same
set
of
RDF
<a class="datatype idlType" title="quad" href="#idl-def-quad">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quads
</ins>
</code>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">s
</del>
that
the
following
algorithm
generates:
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
takes
five
input
variables:
a
<em>
element
</em>
to
be
converted,
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
To
begin,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>
are
set
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
and
<em>
element
</em>
is
set
to
the
result
of
performing
the
<a href="#expansion-algorithm">
Expansion
Algorithm
</a>
on
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json-ld_input" href="#dfn-json-ld_input">
JSON-LD
input
</a>.
This
removes
any
existing
context
to
allow
the
given
context
to
be
cleanly
applied.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li id="processing-step-associative">
If
<em>
element
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>,
perform
the
following
steps:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>.
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
<code>
@value
</code>
<del class="diff-old">property,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property:
</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
the
value
of
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@value
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
is
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-chg">
number
</ins></a>,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
<ins class="diff-new">typed
</ins>
literal
</a>
<ins class="diff-new">using
a
string
representation
of
the
</ins>
value
as
<del class="diff-old">follows:
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">defined
in
the
section
</ins><a href="#data-round-tripping"><ins class="diff-chg">
Data
Round
Tripping
</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-chg">
Set
datatype
to
the
value
of
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
property
if
it
exists,
otherwise
either
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:integer
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
or
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:double
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-chg">
depending
on
if
the
value
contains
a
fractional
and/or
an
exponential
component.
</ins></li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">As
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Otherwise,
if
the
value
of
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@value
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
is
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
true
</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
or
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
false
</ins></strong>,<ins class="diff-chg">
set
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
active
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins>
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal">
typed
literal
</a>
<ins class="diff-new">created
from
the
string
representation
of
the
value.
Set
datatype
to
the
value
of
the
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
property
if
it
exists,
otherwise
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
xsd:boolean
</ins></code>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
Otherwise,
</ins>
if
<em>
element
</em>
contains
a
<code>
@type
</code>
<del class="diff-old">property
after
performing
IRI
Expansion
on
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property,
set
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">specified
@type
.
</del>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
<ins class="diff-chg">active
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
to
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="typed_literal" href="#dfn-typed_literal"><ins class="diff-chg">
typed
literal
</ins></a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<del class="diff-old">as
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">set
the
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
active
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins>
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="plain_literal" href="#dfn-plain_literal">
plain
literal
</a>.
If
<em>
element
</em>
contains
a
<code>
@language
</code>
property,
use
<del class="diff-old">it's
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">its
</ins>
value
to
set
the
language
of
the
plain
literal.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
<code>
@list
</code>
property
the
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>.
Process
its
value
as
a
list
as
described
in
<a href="#list-conversion">
List
Conversion
</a>
using
the
return
value
as
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
</li>
<li>
If
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
is
not
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<del class="diff-old">nether
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">neither
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
nor
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
are
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
generate
a
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
representing
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Return
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li id="processing-step-subject">
If
<em>
element
</em>
has
a
<code>
@id
</code>
property,
the
value
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
be
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
to
the
previously
expanded
value
(either
a
<del class="diff-old">blank
node
</del>
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNode
</ins></code>
</a>
or
an
<a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
</code>
</a>
).
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
does
not
have
a
<code>
@id
</code>
property,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
to
newly
generated
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Process
each
<em>
property
</em>
and
<em>
value
</em>
in
<em>
element
</em>,
<ins class="diff-chg">ordered
by
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
property
</ins></em>,
as
follows:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@type
</code>,
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
<code>
rdf:type
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
@graph
</code>,
process
<em>
value
</em>
algorithm
recursively,
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
as
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>
and
null
values
for
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
then
proceed
to
next
property.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
property
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="keyword" href="#dfn-keyword">
keyword
</a>,
skip
this
step.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
to
the
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
IRI
</abbr>
value
of
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Process
<em>
value
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
passing
copies
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Set
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>,
process
each
value
in
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
as
follows,
process
<em>
element
</em>
recursively
using
this
algorithm,
using
copies
of
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
element
</em>
is
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string">
string
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">set
the
active
object
to
a
plain
literal
value
created
from
the
string.
Otherwise,
if
element
is
a
number
,
set
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">then
</ins>
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
<del class="diff-old">object
to
a
typed
literal
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">property
</ins>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">using
a
string
representation
of
the
value
with
datatype
set
to
either
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">must
be
</ins>
<code>
<del class="diff-old">xsd:integer
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">rdf:type
</ins>
</code>
<del class="diff-old">or
xsd:double
,
depending
on
if
the
value
contains
a
fractional
and/or
an
exponential
component.
Otherwise,
if
element
is
true
or
false
,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">so
</ins>
set
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
to
<del class="diff-old">a
typed
literal
created
from
the
string
representation
of
the
value
with
datatype
set
to
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">an
</ins><a class="datatype idlType" title="IRI" href="#idl-def-IRI">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">xsd:boolean
.
</del>
<abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">
<ins class="diff-chg">IRI
</ins></abbr></code></a>.
</li>
<li>
If
any
of
these
steps
created
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
and
neither
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>
nor
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
are
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
</a>,
generate
a
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
using
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
and
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="graph_name" href="#dfn-graph_name">
graph
name
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Return
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="list-conversion" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#list-conversion" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.4
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.4
</ins>
</span>
List
Conversion
</h4>
<p>
List
Conversion
is
the
process
of
taking
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
of
values
and
adding
them
to
a
newly
created
<cite>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_collectionvocab">
RDF
Collection
</a>
</cite>
(see
[
<cite>
<a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-RDF-SCHEMA">
RDF-SCHEMA
</a>
</cite>
])
by
linking
each
element
of
the
list
using
<code>
rdf:first
</code>
and
<code>
rdf:next
</code>,
terminating
the
list
with
<code>
rdf:nil
</code>
using
the
following
sequence:
</p>
<p>
The
algorithm
is
invoked
with
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array">
array
</a>
<em>
array
</em>,
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
returns
a
value
to
be
used
as
an
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_object" href="#dfn-active_object">
active
object
</a>
in
the
calling
location.
</p>
<div class="note">
This
algorithm
does
not
support
lists
containing
lists.
</div>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
If
<em>
array
</em>
is
empty
return
<code>
rdf:nil
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
generate
a
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
using
using
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>
and
a
newly
generated
<del class="diff-old">blank
node
</del>
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNode
</ins></code>
</a>
identified
as
<em>
first
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="blank_node" href="#dfn-blank_node">
blank
node
</a>
</em>.
</li>
<li>
For
each
element
in
<em>
array
</em>
other
than
the
last
element:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Create
a
processor
state
using
<em>
first
blank
node
</em>
as
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_subject" href="#dfn-active_subject">
active
subject
</a>,
and
<code>
rdf:first
</code>
as
the
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="active_property" href="#dfn-active_property">
active
property
</a>.
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Process
the
value
starting
at
<a href="#processing-step-associative">
Step
1
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Proceed
using
the
previous
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="processor_state" href="#dfn-processor_state">
processor
state
</a>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Unless
this
is
the
last
element
in
<em>
array
</em>,
generate
a
new
<del class="diff-old">blank
node
</del>
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
<ins class="diff-chg">BlankNode
</ins></code>
</a>
identified
as
<em>
rest
blank
node
</em>,
otherwise
use
<code>
rdf:nil
</code>.
</li>
<li>
Generate
a
new
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
using
<em>
first
blank
node
</em>,
<code>
rdf:rest
</code>
and
<em>
rest
blank
node
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Set
<em>
first
blank
node
</em>
to
<em>
rest
blank
node
</em>.
</li>
<li>
Return
<em>
first
blank
node
</em>.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div id="convert-from-rdf-algorithm" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#convert-from-rdf-algorithm" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h4>
<span class="secno">
<del class="diff-old">5.5
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">3.13.5
</ins>
</span>
Convert
from
RDF
Algorithm
</h4>
<p>
In
some
cases,
data
exists
natively
in
Triples
or
Quads
form;
for
example,
if
the
data
was
originally
represented
in
an
RDF
graph
or
triple/quad
store.
This
algorithm
is
designed
to
simply
translate
an
array
of
<a class="datatype idlType" title="quad" href="#idl-def-quad">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quads
</ins>
</code>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">s
</del>
into
a
JSON-LD
document.
</p>
<p>
The
conversion
algorithm
takes
a
single
parameter
<em>
input
</em>
in
the
form
of
an
array
of
<a href="#idl-def-Quad" class="idlType">
<code>
<del class="diff-old">Statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Quad
</ins>
</code>
</a>
representations.
</p>
<ol class="algorithm">
<li id="new_graph">
Construct
<del class="diff-old">a
JSON
array
</del>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">array
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">to
serve
</del>
as
<del class="diff-old">the
output
object.
Construct
</del>
a
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
<ins class="diff-new">containing
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">listMap
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">subjects
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">to
map
graph
names
</del>
and
<del class="diff-old">subjects
to
objects
derived
from
statements
having
a
property
of
rdf:first
.
Construct
a
</del>
<em>
<ins class="diff-chg">listMap
</ins></em>,each<ins class="diff-chg">
an
empty
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
<del class="diff-old">restMap
to
map
graph
names
and
subjects
to
objects
derived
from
statements
having
a
property
of
rdf:rest
.
</del>
</a>.
</li>
<li>
Construct
<del class="diff-old">a
JSON
object
</del>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">subjectMap
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graphs
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">to
map
graph
names
and
subjects
to
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">as
a
</ins>
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
<del class="diff-old">instances
contained
in
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">containing
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">array
.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
identified
by
an
empty
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-chg">
string
</ins></a>.
</li>
<li>
For
each
<del class="diff-old">statement
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad
</ins>
in
<em>
input
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
<ins class="diff-new">Set
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
to
the
entry
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
graphs
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
identified
by
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
name
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
initializing
it
to
a
new
entry
using
the
mechanism
described
in
</ins><a href="#new_graph"><ins class="diff-new">
Step
1
</ins></a>.</li><li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
rdf:first
</code>,
<del class="diff-old">create
a
new
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">use
the
</ins>
entry
in
<em>
<del class="diff-old">listMap
with
for
name
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graph.listMap
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">and
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">indexed
by
</ins>
<em>
subject
<del class="diff-old">and
an
array
value
containing
</del>
</em>,
<ins class="diff-chg">initializing
it
to
a
new
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
if
nesessary.
Represent
</ins>
<em>
object
</em>
<ins class="diff-new">in
expanded
form,
as
described
in
</ins><a href="#value-expansion"><ins class="diff-new">
Value
Expansion
</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
Add
the
resulting
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
object
</ins>
representation
</em>
<ins class="diff-new">to
the
entry
indexed
by
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
first
</ins></em>,
and
skip
to
the
next
<del class="diff-old">statement.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad.
</ins>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
rdf:rest
<del class="diff-old">,
and
</del>
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
<ins class="diff-chg">If
</ins>
<em>
object
</em>
is
a
<a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType">
<code>
BlankNode
</code>
</a>,
<del class="diff-old">create
a
new
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">use
the
</ins>
entry
in
<em>
<del class="diff-old">restMap
to
map
name
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graph.listMap
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">and
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">indexed
by
</ins>
<em>
subject
</em>,
<ins class="diff-chg">initializing
it
</ins>
to
a
<del class="diff-old">value
being
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">new
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-chg">
JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-chg">
if
necessary.
Add
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">result
</del>
<em>
<ins class="diff-chg">nominalValue
</ins></em>
of
<del class="diff-old">IRI
expansion
on
</del>
<em>
object
</em>
<del class="diff-old">and
skip
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">to
the
entry
indexed
by
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
rest
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Skip
</ins>
to
the
next
<del class="diff-old">statement.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">quad.
</ins></li></ol>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
name
</em>
is
not
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="null" href="#dfn-null">
null
<del class="diff-old">:
If
</del>
</a>,
<ins class="diff-chg">and
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">subjectMap
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph.subjects
</ins>
</em>
does
not
<del class="diff-old">have
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">contain
</ins>
an
entry
for
<del class="diff-old">null
as
name
and
</del>
<em>
name
<del class="diff-old">as
subject:
Create
</del>
</em>,
<ins class="diff-chg">create
</ins>
a
new
<del class="diff-old">JSON
object
with
key/value
pair
of
@id
and
a
string
representation
of
name
and
use
as
value
.
Save
value
in
subjectMap
and
append
to
array
.
Otherwise,
use
that
entry
as
value
.
If
value
does
not
have
an
</del>
entry
for
<del class="diff-old">@graph
,
initialize
it
as
a
new
array
ary
.
Otherwise,
let
</del>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">ary
be
that
array.
If
subjectMap
does
not
have
an
entry
for
</del>
name
<del class="diff-old">and
subject
:
Create
</del>
</em>
<ins class="diff-chg">from
</ins>
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
key/value
pair
of
<code>
@id
</code>
and
a
string
representation
of
<em>
<del class="diff-old">subject
and
use
as
value
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">name
</ins>
</em>.
</li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">Save
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Set
</ins>
<em>
value
</em>
<del class="diff-old">in
subjectMap
and
append
to
ary
.
Otherwise,
use
that
entry
</del>
as
<ins class="diff-new">the
entry
from
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">value
.
Otherwise,
if
subjectMap
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graph.subjects
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">does
not
have
an
entry
</del>
for
<del class="diff-old">null
as
name
and
</del>
<em>
subject
<del class="diff-old">:
Create
</del>
</em>,
<ins class="diff-chg">initializing
it
to
</ins>
a
new
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object">
JSON
object
</a>
with
key/value
pair
of
<code>
@id
</code>
and
a
string
representation
of
<em>
subject
</em>
<del class="diff-old">and
use
as
value
.
Save
value
in
subjectMap
and
append
to
array
.
Otherwise,
use
that
entry
as
value
.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">if
necessary.
</ins>
</li>
<li>
If
<em>
property
</em>
is
<code>
rdf:type
<del class="diff-old">:
</del>
</code>
<ins class="diff-chg">and
the
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
notType
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
option
is
present
and
not
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="true" href="#dfn-true"><ins class="diff-chg">
true
</ins></a>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Append
the
string
representation
of
<em>
object
</em>
to
the
array
value
for
the
key
<code>
@type
</code>,
creating
an
entry
in
<em>
value
</em>
if
necessary.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
if
<em>
object
</em>
is
<code>
rdf:nil
</code>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Let
<em>
key
</em>
be
the
string
representation
of
<em>
property
</em>.
</li>
<li>
<del class="diff-old">Set
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Append
an
empty
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@list
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
representation
to
</ins>
the
<ins class="diff-new">array
</ins>
value
for
<em>
key
</em>,
<ins class="diff-chg">creating
an
entry
</ins>
in
<em>
value
</em>
<del class="diff-old">to
an
empty
@list
representation:
{&quot;@list&quot;:
[]}
.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">if
necessary.
</ins>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
Otherwise,
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
Let
<em>
key
</em>
be
the
string
representation
of
<em>
property
</em>
and
let
<em>
object
representation
</em>
be
<em>
object
</em>
represented
in
expanded
form
as
described
in
<a href="#value-expansion">
Value
Expansion
</a>.
</li>
<li>
<ins class="diff-new">If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
object
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
is
a
</ins><a href="#idl-def-BlankNode" class="idlType"><code><ins class="diff-new">
BlankNode
</ins></code></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
use
the
entry
in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
graph.listMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
indexed
by
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
object
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-new">
initializing
it
to
a
new
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="json_object" href="#dfn-json_object"><ins class="diff-new">
JSON
object
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
if
nesessary.
Add
an
entry
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
head
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
with
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
object
representation
</ins></em>.</li><li>
Append
<em>
object
representation
</em>
to
the
array
value
for
<em>
key
</em>,
creating
an
entry
in
<em>
value
</em>
if
necessary.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
For
each
<em>
name
<del class="diff-old">,
</del>
</em>
<ins class="diff-chg">and
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">map
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graph
</ins>
</em>
in
<em>
<del class="diff-old">restMap
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graphs
</ins>
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
For
each
<del class="diff-old">key/value
prev
,
</del>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">rest
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">subject
</ins>
</em>
<ins class="diff-new">and
</ins><em>
entry
</em>
in
<em>
<del class="diff-old">map
,
append
to
the
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graph
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
where
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">listMap
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">entry
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">value
identified
by
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">has
both
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">name
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">head
</ins>
</em>
and
<em>
<del class="diff-old">prev
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">first
</ins>
</em>
<ins class="diff-new">keys:
</ins><ol class="algorithm"><li><ins class="diff-new">
Set
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
value
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
to
</ins>
the
<ins class="diff-new">value
of
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">listMap
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">head
</ins>
</em>
<ins class="diff-new">in
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
entry
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-new">
Remove
the
entry
for
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@id
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
in
</ins><em>
value
<del class="diff-old">identified
by
</del>
</em>.
</li>
<li>
<ins class="diff-chg">Add
an
entry
to
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">name
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">value
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">and
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">for
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
@list
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
initialized
to
a
new
array
containing
the
value
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
first
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
from
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
entry
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
While
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
entry
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
has
a
key
for
</ins>
<em>
rest
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
<ins class="diff-new">Set
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
entry
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
to
the
value
of
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
graph.listMap
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
entry.rest
</ins>
</em>.
</li>
<li>
<ins class="diff-new">Add
the
value
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
entry.first
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
to
the
list
array.
</ins></li></ol></li></ol></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<ins class="diff-new">Create
</ins><em><ins class="diff-new">
array
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
as
an
empty
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="array" href="#dfn-array"><ins class="diff-new">
array
</ins></a>.</li><li>
For
each
<em>
<del class="diff-old">name
,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">subject
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
and
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">map
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">entry
</ins>
</em>
in
<em>
<del class="diff-old">listMap
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">defaultGraph.subjects
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
ordered
by
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
subject
</ins>
</em>:
<ol class="algorithm">
<li>
<del class="diff-old">For
each
key/value
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Add
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">node
,
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">entry
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
to
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">list
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">array
</ins></em>.</li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
If
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
graphs
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
has
an
entry
for
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
subject
</ins>
</em>,
<ins class="diff-new">add
a
property
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@graph
</ins></code>
in
<em>
<del class="diff-old">map
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">entry
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">where
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">containing
the
ordered
entries
from
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">list
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">graphs[subject].subjects
</ins></em>.</li></ol></li><li><ins class="diff-chg">
Return
</ins><em><ins class="diff-chg">
array
</ins>
</em>
<del class="diff-old">exists
</del>
as
<ins class="diff-new">the
result.
</ins></li></ol></div></div></div><div id="data-round-tripping" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#data-round-tripping" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section"><h2><span class="secno"><ins class="diff-new">
4.
</ins></span><ins class="diff-new">
Data
Round
Tripping
</ins></h2><p><ins class="diff-new">
When
coercing
numbers
to
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-new">
xsd:integer
</ins></strong><ins class="diff-new">
or
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-new">
xsd:double
</ins></strong><ins class="diff-new">
as
it,
e.g.,
happens
during
</ins><a href="#rdf-conversion"><ins class="diff-new">
RDF
Conversion
</ins></a>,<ins class="diff-new">
implementers
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
ensure
that
the
result
is
a
canonical
lexical
representation
in
the
form
of
a
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="string" href="#dfn-string"><ins class="diff-new">
string
</ins></a>.<ins class="diff-new">
A
</ins><dfn title="canonical_lexical_representation" id="dfn-canonical_lexical_representation"><ins class="diff-new">
canonical
lexical
representation
</ins></dfn><ins class="diff-new">
is
a
set
of
literals
from
among
the
valid
set
of
literals
for
a
datatype
such
that
there
is
</ins>
a
<ins class="diff-new">one-to-one
mapping
between
the
canonical
lexical
representation
and
a
value
in
the
</ins>
value
<ins class="diff-new">space
as
defined
in
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-XMLSCHEMA-2"><ins class="diff-new">
XMLSCHEMA-2
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-new">
].
In
other
words,
every
value
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-new">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-new">
be
converted
to
a
deterministic
string
representation.
</ins></p><p><ins class="diff-new">
The
canonical
lexical
representation
</ins>
of
an
<del class="diff-old">object
</del>
<em>
<ins class="diff-chg">integer
</ins></em>,<ins class="diff-chg">
i.e.,
a
number
without
fractions
or
a
number
coerced
to
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:integer
</ins></strong>,<ins class="diff-chg">
is
a
finite-length
sequence
of
decimal
digits
(
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
0-9
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
)
with
an
optional
leading
minus
sign;
leading
zeroes
are
prohibited.
To
convert
the
number
</ins>
in
<ins class="diff-new">JavaScript,
implementers
can
use
the
following
snippet
of
code:
</ins></p><pre class="example"><ins class="diff-new">
(value).toFixed(0).toString()
</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
The
canonical
lexical
representation
of
a
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">array
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">double
</ins>
</em>,
<del class="diff-old">replace
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">i.e.,
a
number
with
fractions
or
a
number
coerced
to
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:double
</ins></strong>,<ins class="diff-chg">
consists
of
a
mantissa
followed
by
the
character
&quot;E&quot;,
followed
by
an
exponent.
The
mantissa
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
be
a
decimal
number.
The
exponent
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must"><ins class="diff-chg">
must
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
be
an
integer.
Leading
zeroes
and
a
preceding
plus
sign
(
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
+
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
)
are
prohibited
in
the
exponent.
If
the
exponent
is
zero,
it
must
be
indicated
by
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
E0
</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
For
the
mantissa,
the
preceding
optional
plus
sign
is
prohibited
and
the
decimal
point
is
required.
Leading
and
trailing
zeroes
are
prohibited
subject
to
the
following:
number
representations
must
be
normalized
such
that
there
is
a
single
digit
which
is
non-zero
to
the
left
of
the
decimal
point
and
at
least
a
single
digit
to
the
right
of
the
decimal
point
unless
the
value
being
represented
is
zero.
The
canonical
representation
for
zero
is
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
0.0E0
</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
To
convert
the
number
in
JavaScript,
implementers
can
use
the
following
snippet
of
code:
</ins></p><pre class="example"><ins class="diff-chg">
(value).toExponential().replace(/e\+?/,'E')
</ins></pre><p><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:double
</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
's
value
space
is
defined
by
the
IEEE
double-precision
64-bit
floating
point
type
[
</ins><cite><a class="bibref" rel="biblioentry" href="#bib-IEEE-754-1985"><ins class="diff-chg">
IEEE-754-1985
</ins></a></cite><ins class="diff-chg">
].
</ins></p><p class="note"><ins class="diff-chg">
When
data
such
as
decimals
need
to
be
normalized,
JSON-LD
authors
should
not
use
values
that
are
going
to
undergo
automatic
conversion.
This
is
due
to
the
lossy
nature
of
</ins><strong><ins class="diff-chg">
xsd:double
</ins></strong><ins class="diff-chg">
values.
Authors
should
instead
use
</ins>
the
<ins class="diff-new">expanded
</ins>
object
<ins class="diff-new">form
to
set
the
canonical
lexical
representation
directly.
</ins></p><p class="note"><ins class="diff-new">
When
JSON-native
datatypes,
like
</ins><a class="tref internalDFN" title="number" href="#dfn-number"><ins class="diff-new">
number
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
s,
are
type
coerced,
lossless
data
round-tripping
can
not
be
guaranted.
Consider
the
following
code
example:
</ins></p><pre class="example">var myObj1 = {<ins class="diff-new">
               &quot;@context&quot;: {
                 &quot;number&quot;: {
                   &quot;@id&quot;: &quot;http://example.com/vocab#number&quot;,
</ins>                   <span class="diff">&quot;@type&quot;: &quot;xsd:nonNegativeInteger&quot;</span><ins class="diff-new">
                 }
               },
               &quot;number&quot; : <span class="diff">42</span>
             };
// Convert the JSON-LD document to RDF; this converts 42 to a string
var jsonldText = jsonld.toRDF(myObj1, myRdfTripleCollector);
// Convert the RDF triples back to a JavaScript object
var
myObj2
=
jsonld.fromRDF(myRdfTripleCollector.getTriples());
</ins></pre><p><ins class="diff-new">
At
this
point,
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
myObj1
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
and
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
myObj2
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
will
have
different
values
for
the
&quot;number&quot;
property.
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
myObj1
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
will
have
the
number
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
42
</ins></code>,<ins class="diff-new">
while
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
myObj2
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
have
an
object
consisting
of
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@value
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
set
to
the
string
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
&quot;42&quot;
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
and
</ins><code><ins class="diff-new">
@type
</ins></code><ins class="diff-new">
set
to
the
expanded
</ins>
value
<del class="diff-old">with
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">of
</ins>
<em>
<del class="diff-old">list
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">xsd:nonNegativeInteger
</ins>
</em>.
<del class="diff-old">Return
array
</del>
</p>
<p class="note">
<ins class="diff-chg">Some
JSON
serializers,
such
</ins>
as
<ins class="diff-new">PHP's
native
implementation
in
some
versions,
backslash-escape
</ins>
the
<del class="diff-old">graph
representation
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">forward
slash
character.
For
example,
the
value
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
http://example.com/
</ins></code><ins class="diff-chg">
would
be
serialized
as
</ins><code><ins class="diff-chg">
http:\/\/example.com\/
</ins></code>.<ins class="diff-chg">
This
is
problematic
as
other
JSON
parsers
might
not
understand
those
escaping
characters.
There
is
no
need
to
backslash-escape
forward
slashes
</ins>
in
<del class="diff-old">expanded
form.
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">JSON-LD.
To
aid
interoperability
between
JSON-LD
processors,
a
JSON-LD
serializer
</ins><em class="rfc2119" title="must not"><ins class="diff-chg">
must
not
</ins></em><ins class="diff-chg">
backslash-escape
forward
slashes.
</ins></p>
</div>
<div class="appendix informative section" id="iana-considerations" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#iana-considerations" rel="bibo:chapter">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
A.
</span>
IANA
Considerations
</h2>
<p>
<em>
This
section
is
non-normative.
</em>
</p>
<p>
This
section
is
included
merely
for
standards
community
review
and
will
be
submitted
to
the
Internet
Engineering
Steering
Group
if
this
specification
becomes
a
W3C
Recommendation.
</p>
<h3 id="application-ld-frame-json">
<ins class="diff-new">application/ld-frame+json
</ins></h3>
<dl>
<dt>
Type
name:
</dt>
<dd>
application
</dd>
<dt>
Subtype
name:
</dt>
<dd>
ld-frame+json
</dd>
<dt>
Required
parameters:
</dt>
<dd>
None
</dd>
<dt>
Optional
parameters:
</dt>
<dd>
None
</dd>
<dt>
Encoding
considerations:
</dt>
<dd>
The
same
as
the
<code>
application/json
</code>
MIME
media
type.
</dd>
<dt>
Security
considerations:
</dt>
<dd>
Since
a
JSON-LD
frame
is
intended
to
specify
a
deterministic
layout
for
a
JSON-LD
graph,
the
serialization
<em class="rfc2119" title="should not">
should
not
</em>
be
passed
through
a
code
execution
mechanism
such
as
JavaScript's
<code>
eval()
</code>
function.
It
is
<em class="rfc2119" title="recommended">
recommended
</em>
that
a
conforming
parser
does
not
attempt
to
directly
evaluate
the
JSON-LD
frame
and
instead
purely
parse
the
input
into
a
language-native
data
structure.
</dd>
<dt>
Interoperability
considerations:
</dt>
<dd>
Not
Applicable
</dd>
<dt>
Published
specification:
</dt>
<dd>
The
<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/">
JSON-LD
</a>
specification.
</dd>
<dt>
Applications
that
use
this
media
type:
</dt>
<dd>
Any
programming
environment
that
requires
the
exchange
of
directed
graphs.
Implementations
of
JSON-LD
have
been
created
for
JavaScript,
Python,
Ruby,
PHP
and
C++.
</dd>
<dt>
Additional
information:
</dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt>
Magic
number(s):
</dt>
<dd>
Not
Applicable
</dd>
<dt>
File
extension(s):
</dt>
<dd>.jsonldf
</dd>
<dt>
Macintosh
file
type
code(s):
</dt>
<dd>
TEXT
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>
Person
&amp;
email
address
to
contact
for
further
information:
</dt>
<dd>
Manu
Sporny
&lt;msporny@digitalbazaar.com&gt;
</dd>
<dt>
Intended
usage:
</dt>
<dd>
Common
</dd>
<dt>
Restrictions
on
usage:
</dt>
<dd>
None
</dd>
<dt>
Author(s):
</dt>
<dd>
Manu
Sporny,
Gregg
Kellogg,
Markus
Lanthaler,
Dave
Longley
</dd>
<dt>
Change
controller:
</dt>
<dd>
W3C
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
<ins class="diff-new">Fragment
identifiers
have
no
meaning
with
</ins><a href="#application-ld-frame-json"><ins class="diff-new">
application/frame-ld+json
</ins></a><ins class="diff-new">
resources.
</ins></p>
</div>
<div class="appendix section" id="appendix-b" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#appendix-b" rel="bibo:chapter">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
B.
</span>
Initial
Context
</h2>
<p>
The
<a class="tref internalDFN" title="initial_context" href="#dfn-initial_context">
initial
context
</a>
is
defined
with
the
following
default
entries:
</p>
<pre class="example">{
  &quot;@context&quot;: {
    &quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type&quot;: { &quot;@type&quot;: &quot;@id&quot;}
  }
}
</pre>
<p>
Processors
<em class="rfc2119" title="must">
must
</em>
act
as
if
the
initial
context
is
defined
in
the
outer-most
level
when
processing
JSON-LD
documents.
</p>
<p class="issue">
Should
we
define
other
default
prefixes?
</p>
</div>
<div class="appendix section" id="acknowledgements" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#acknowledgements" rel="bibo:chapter">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
C.
</span>
Acknowledgements
</h2>
<p>
The
editors
would
like
to
thank
Mark
Birbeck,
who
provided
a
great
deal
of
the
initial
push
behind
the
JSON-LD
work
via
his
work
on
RDFj,
Dave
Lehn
and
Mike
Johnson
who
reviewed,
provided
feedback,
and
performed
several
implementations
of
the
specification,
and
Ian
Davis,
who
created
RDF/JSON.
Thanks
also
to
Nathan
Rixham,
Bradley
P.
Allen,
Kingsley
Idehen,
Glenn
McDonald,
Alexandre
Passant,
Danny
Ayers,
Ted
Thibodeau
Jr.,
Olivier
Grisel,
Niklas
Lindström,
Markus
Lanthaler,
and
Richard
Cyganiak
for
their
input
on
the
specification.
</p>
</div>
<div id="references" class="appendix section" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#references" rel="bibo:chapter">
<h2>
<span class="secno">
D.
</span>
References
</h2>
<div id="normative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#normative-references" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
D.1
</span>
Normative
references
</h3>
<dl class="bibliography" about="">
<dt id="bib-BCP47">
[BCP47]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
A.
Phillips,
M.
Davis.
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">
<cite>
Tags
for
Identifying
Languages
</cite>
</a>
September
2009.
IETF
Best
Current
Practice.
URL:
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">
http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-IEEE-754-1985">
[IEEE-754-1985]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
IEEE.
<cite>
IEEE
Standard
for
Binary
Floating-Point
Arithmetic.
</cite>
See
<a href="http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html">
http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std_public/description/busarch/754-1985_desc.html
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-IRI">
[IRI]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
M.
Duerst,
M.
Suignard.
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
<cite>
Internationalized
Resource
Identifiers
(IRI).
</cite>
</a>
January
2005.
Internet
RFC
3987.
URL:
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-JSON-LD">
[JSON-LD]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Manu
Sporny,
Gregg
Kellogg,
Markus
Lanthaler.
<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
<cite>
The
JSON-LD
Syntax
</cite>
</a>
Latest.
W3C
Editor's
Draft.
URL:
<a href="http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/">
http://json-ld.org/spec/latest/json-ld-syntax/
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-JSON-POINTER">
[JSON-POINTER]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
P.
Bryan,
Ed.
<cite>
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-01">
JSON
Pointer
</a>
</cite>
Latest.
IETF
Draft.
URL:
<del class="diff-old">http://www.ietf.org/id/draft-pbryan-zyp-json-pointer-01.txt
</del>
<a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-01">
<ins class="diff-chg">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-appsawg-json-pointer-01
</ins>
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RDF-CONCEPTS">
[RDF-CONCEPTS]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Graham
Klyne;
Jeremy
J.
Carroll.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
<cite>
Resource
Description
Framework
(RDF):
Concepts
and
Abstract
Syntax.
</cite>
</a>
10
February
2004.
W3C
Recommendation.
URL:
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210">
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RDF-SCHEMA">
[RDF-SCHEMA]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Dan
Brickley;
Ramanathan
V.
Guha.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
<cite>
RDF
Vocabulary
Description
Language
1.0:
RDF
Schema.
</cite>
</a>
10
February
2004.
W3C
Recommendation.
URL:
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210">
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RFC3986">
[RFC3986]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
T.
Berners-Lee;
R.
Fielding;
L.
Masinter.
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
<cite>
Uniform
Resource
Identifier
(URI):
Generic
Syntax.
</cite>
</a>
January
2005.
Internet
RFC
3986.
URL:
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt">
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RFC3987">
[RFC3987]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
M.
Dürst;
M.
Suignard.
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
<cite>
Internationalized
Resource
Identifiers
(IRIs).
</cite>
</a>
January
2005.
Internet
RFC
3987.
URL:
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt">
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3987.txt
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RFC4627">
[RFC4627]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
D.
Crockford.
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
<cite>
The
application/json
Media
Type
for
JavaScript
Object
Notation
(JSON)
</cite>
</a>
July
2006.
Internet
RFC
4627.
URL:
<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt">
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-WEBIDL">
[WEBIDL]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Cameron
McCormack.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">
<cite>
Web
IDL.
</cite>
</a>
27
September
2011.
W3C
Working
Draft.
(Work
in
progress.)
URL:
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/">
http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-WebIDL-20110927/
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-XMLSCHEMA-2">
[XMLSCHEMA-2]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:requires">
Paul
V.
Biron;
Ashok
Malhotra.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/">
<cite>
XML
Schema
Part
2:
Datatypes
Second
Edition.
</cite>
</a>
28
October
2004.
W3C
Recommendation.
URL:
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/">
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xmlschema-2-20041028/
</a>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="informative-references" typeof="bibo:Chapter" resource="#informative-references" rel="bibo:chapter" class="section">
<h3>
<span class="secno">
D.2
</span>
Informative
references
</h3>
<dl class="bibliography" about="">
<dt id="bib-ECMA-262">
[ECMA-262]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:references">
<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
<cite>
ECMAScript
Language
Specification.
</cite>
</a>
December
1999.
URL:
<a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm">
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-MICRODATA">
[MICRODATA]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:references">
Ian
Hickson;
et
al.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
<cite>
Microdata
</cite>
</a>
04
March
2010.
W3C
Working
Draft.
URL:
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/">
http://www.w3.org/TR/microdata/
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-MICROFORMATS">
[MICROFORMATS]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:references">
<a href="http://microformats.org">
<cite>
Microformats
</cite>
</a>.
URL:
<a href="http://microformats.org">
http://microformats.org
</a>
</dd>
<dt id="bib-RDFA-CORE">
[RDFA-CORE]
</dt>
<dd rel="dcterms:references">
Shane
McCarron;
et
al.
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PR-rdfa-core-20120508/">
<cite>
RDFa
Core
1.1:
Syntax
and
processing
rules
for
embedding
RDF
through
attributes.
</cite>
</a>
<del class="diff-old">13
March
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">8
May
</ins>
2012.
W3C
<del class="diff-old">Candidate
</del>
<ins class="diff-chg">Proposed
</ins>
Recommendation.
URL:
<del class="diff-old">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/CR-rdfa-core-20120313/
</del>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PR-rdfa-core-20120508/">
<ins class="diff-chg">http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PR-rdfa-core-20120508/
</ins>
</a>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
